5×FAD转基因小鼠在阿尔茨海默病研究中的应用进展

Advances in the application of 5×FAD transgenic mice in Alzheimer’s disease research

5×FAD转基因小鼠(transgenic mice with five familial Alzheimer’s disease)是携带5个家族性基因突变的APP/PS1转基因小鼠,其中与β-淀粉样蛋白前体(amyloid precursor protein,APP)相关的突变为K670N/M671L(Swedish)、1716V(Florida)和V7171(London),与早老素-1(presenilin 1,PS1)相关的突变为MI46L和L286V。5×FAD小鼠在1.5月龄时脑内已有大量的β-淀粉样蛋白(β-amyloid,Aβ),2月龄时开始出现神经炎性斑(neuritic plaque,NP)。5×FAD小鼠的病理表型包括淀粉样斑块聚集、神经元丢失、神经胶质细胞增生和记忆功能障碍等。5×FAD小鼠的生物学特性可能涉及脑内Aβ斑块的形成变化、Tau蛋白过度磷酸化、突触功能障碍、神经炎症反应、线粒体功能障碍、血脑屏障损伤、神经元损伤、内质网应激和眼部病变等。作为阿尔茨海默病的经典动物模型,5×FAD转基因小鼠在早期即可模拟AD患者晚期的神经病理过程及行为学表现,被广泛应用于AD发病机制研究和AD新药开发。本文对5×FAD转基因小鼠模型的模型构建、生物学背景、生物学特性及AD防治药物的研发应用进行总结,以期为5×FAD转基因小鼠在AD研究中的应用提供参考与借鉴作用。

Transgenic 5×FAD mice are APP/PS1 transgenic mice carrying five familial Alzheimer’s disease(AD)gene mutations.Beta-amyloid precursor protein(amyloid precursor protein,APP)expression is related to the K670N/M671L(Swedish),1716V(Florida),and V7171(London)mutations,and presenilin 1(PS1)is affected by the M146L and L286V mutations.5×FAD mice express high levels ofβ-amyloid in the brain at 1.5 months old,and neuritic plaques began to appear at 2 months old.The pathological phenotypes of 5×FAD mice include amyloid plaque aggregation,neuronal loss,gliosis,and memory dysfunction,while their biological characteristics include changes in the formation of brainβ-amyloid plaques,hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein,synaptic dysfunction,neuroinflammatory response,mitochondrial dysfunction,blood-brain barrier injury,neuronal injury,endoplasmic reticulum stress,and eye lesions.As a classic animal model of AD,5×FAD transgenic mice can simulate the neuropathological process and behavioral manifestations of late-stage AD in humans,and these mice are thus widely used in research into the pathogenesis of AD and the development of new drugs.In this review,we summarize the model construction,biological background,and biological characteristics of 5×FAD transgenic mice,and the development and application of drugs for the prevention and treatment of AD,to provide references for the application of 5×FAD transgenic transgenic mice in AD research.