词类的独立性与内部异质性——突厥语族语言形容词的形态句法类型

Independence and Internal Heterogengity of Word Classes:Morphological Syntactic Types of Adjectives in Turkic Language

语言类型学主要依据跨语言的形态和句法标准对不同语言的主要词类进行界定和描述。通过对不同形态句法参项的系统考察,突厥语族语言形容词类具有区别于名词和动词的典型形态句法特征,可以识别为一个独立的词类。典型形容词A1主要编码核心属性义,兼具修饰性和陈述性功能,派生形容词A2主要编码边缘属性义,修饰性功能较陈述性功能凸显。形容词的构成方式与句法功能及语义间的关联性体现出黏着语言形容词类内部的异质性特征。属性义是排除一些边缘类成员的重要标准,属性义的逐渐淡化决定了一些无形态变化小词在形容词—动词连续统间的游离状态。

Language typology mainly defines and describes the main word classes in different lan-guages according to cross-linguistic morphological and syntactic criteria.Through the systematic in-vestigation of different morphosyntactic parameters,adjectives of Turkic languages has typical mor-phosyntactic features that are different from nouns and verbs,and can be recognized as an independent word class.The typical adjective A,mainly encodes the core attribute meaning,which has both modi-fier and declarative functions,while the derived adjective A,mainly encodes the edge attribute mean-ing,and the modifier function is more prominent than the declarative function.The correlation be-tween the formation of adjectives and their syntactic functions reflects the heterogeneity of the word class in agglutinative language.The attribute meaning is an important criterion to exclude some mar-ginal word class members.The gradual weakening of the attribute meaning determines the dissocia-tive state of some non-morphologic small words in the adjective-verb continuum.