安多地区藏传佛教寺院时空分布变化及现状空间格局特征分析

The Spatial and Temporal Distribution Changes of Tibetan Buddhist Monasteries in Traditional Amdo Areas and Analysis of Current Spatial Pattern Characteristics

安多地区特定的自然地理环境是藏传佛教寺院空间格局形成的必要前提,而西藏文明东向发展与中原文明走向一体,藏传佛教“主向北上”“逐步东渐”和历史时期中央政权扶植政策渐趋强化,及西藏地方和安多地区政教合一等复杂社会历史影响,是这种历史演变和现状格局形成的主导性因素,显示了藏传佛教中国化的历史大势。文章结合安多地区藏传佛教寺院时空数据库数据及相关历史文献资料,认为寺院总体分布具有鲜明的地域性特征和相对聚集性特点,东部形成一个极高密度区和一个高密度区,寺院之间空间冷热点区域差异比较明显,东西梯度式变化。格鲁派寺院分布范围最广,宁玛派寺院形成青海—甘肃、青海—四川两条分布带,萨迦派、噶举派、觉囊派和苯教寺院多分布于四川、青海、甘肃三省交界带。从历史来看,宋代佛教本土化形成,元朝快速“北传东渐”,明代格鲁派“脱颖而出”,清代格鲁派形成格局性覆盖。

The specific natural geography of the Amdo region is the necessary precondition for the formation of the spatial pattern of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries.The eastward spread of Tibetan civilization and the civilization of the Central Plains moving towards unity,the"mainly northward"and"gradually eastward"spread of Tibetan Buddhism,and the gradual strengthening of the central government's cultivation policy,as well as the complex social and historical influences such as the unification of politics and religion in Xizang and the Amdo region,are the dominant factors in the historical evolution and formation of the current situation,showing the historical momentum of the development of Tibetan Buddhism in the Chinese context.Based on the spatial and temporal data of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries in Amdo areas and relevant historical materials,this article believes that the overall distribution of monasteries is characterized by distinctive geographical features and relative agglomeration,with the formation of an extremely high-density area and a high-density area in the east,and the spatial cold and hot spot regional differences between monasteries are relatively obvious,with east-west gradienttype changes.The dGe-lugs monasteries have the widest distribution,rNying-ma monasteries form Qinghai-Gansu,Qinghai-Sichuan two distribution belts,and monasteries of the Sa-skya,bKav-rgyud,and Jo-nang sects and Bonpo are mostly distributed in the border belt of Sichuan,Qinghai,and Gansu Provinces.Buddhism localized in the Song Dynasty,and rapidly"spread from north to east"in the Yuan Dynasty,the dGe-lugs sect"stood out"in the Ming Dynasty,and the dGe-lugs sect formed a pattern of coverage in the Qing Dynasty.