木制家具制造业噪声所致听力损失职业健康风险评估

Occupational health risk assessment of noise-induced hearing loss in the wooden furniture manufacturing industry

目的 评估木制家具制造业噪声所致作业人员听力损失的职业健康风险,确定关键风险点。方法 2021—2023年在重庆市长寿区高新区内抽取39家木制家具制造企业工作场所及852名木制家具噪声作业人员为调查对象。对企业工作场所噪声强度进行检测,并对噪声作业岗位人员噪声接触水平进行测量,采用GBZ/T 229.4—2012《工作场所职业病危害作业分级》评估不同岗位噪声危害程度,使用WS/T 754—2016《噪声职业病危害风险管理指南》预测不同岗位噪声作业人员在50、55、60岁时发生高频听力损失(high frequency hearing loss,HFHL)和职业性噪声聋(occupational noise-induced deafness,ONID)的风险。结果 木制家具制造业工作场所噪声超标率为32.7%;10个噪声作业岗位工人接触的8h等效声级或每周40 h等效声级最大值为87.3~96.5 dB(A)。除擦板和喷漆岗位外,制板、封边、精裁、雕刻和打磨岗位噪声危害程度为中度危害,而下料、制作和异型岗位噪声危害程度为重度危害,存在较大的噪声危害风险。各噪声岗位作业人员HFHL异常检出率为15.7%,ONID异常检出率为6.6%。各岗位噪声所致作业人员HFHL和ONID的风险随着暴露年数的增加而增加,其中下料工、制作工、异型工、精裁工、雕刻工在≥50岁时发生HFHL的风险均为较高风险;除擦板和喷漆工外其余工种作业工人工作到60岁时发生HFHL的风险均为较高风险。下料工、制作工、异型工、封边工、精裁工、雕刻工、打磨工在≥50岁时发生ONID的风险均为较高风险;其中下料工和制作工作业工人工作到60岁时发生ONID的风险均为高风险。结论 木制家具制造行业工作场所噪声强度较大;下料、制作、异型、封边、精裁、雕刻和打磨岗位是关键风险点,作业人员发生高频听力损失和职业性噪声聋的风险等级较高。

Objective To assess the occupational health risk of noise-induced hearing loss amongoperators in the wooden furniture manufacturing industry and determine the key riskpoints.Methods From 2021 to 2023,the work place of 39 wooden furniture manufacturing enterprises and 852 wooden furniture noise operators were selected as the research subjects in the high-tech Zone of Changshou District in Chongqing City.The noise intensity in the workplace of the enterprise was measured and the individual noise exposure level was carried out in the noise-exposed workers.GBZ/T 229.4-2012 Classification of Occupational Hazards at Workplaces used to evaluate the hazardous degree of noise in different posts.The risk of high-frequency hearing loss(HFHL)and occupational noise-induced deafness(ONID)in noise-exposed workers in different posts at 50,55 and 60 years old were predicted by WS/T 754-2016 Guideline for Risk Management of Occupational Noise Hazard.Results The noise in the workplace of the wooden furniture manufacturing industry was found to exceed the occupational exposure limits with the rate of 32.7%.The maximum level of normalization of equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level to a nominal 8 h working day or 40 h working week of exposure to noise in workers of 10 posts was 87.3-96.5 dB(A).The noise hazards of the posts including planting,edge banding,precision cutting,carving,polishing were moderate,and cutting,production and special-shaped were serious except for the sanding and painting posts.The detection rates of HFHL and ONID were 15.7%and 6.6%.The risk of HFHL and ONID among operators caused by noise in various positions increased with the number of years of exposure,among them,the risk of HFHL among cutting workers,production workers,special-shaped worker,precision cutting workers and carving workers at the age of≥50 was relatively high.The risk of HFHL among operators except for sanders and painters was relatively high when they reach the age of 60.The risk of ONID among cutting workers,production workers,special-shaped worker,edge banding worker,precision cutting workers,carving workers and polishing workers at the age of≥50 was relatively high.The risk of ONID among cutting workers and production workers was high when they reach the age of 60.Conclusions The noise exposure intensity is high in the workplace of the wooden furniture manufacturing industry.The posts of cutting,production,special-shaped,edge banding,precision cutting,carvingand polishing are the key risk points,and operators have a higher risk of high-frequency hearing loss and occupational noise deafness.