翁同龢、张荫桓与戊戌康有为之进用

The Influences of Weng Tonghe and Zhang Yinhuan on Emperor Guangxu’s Appointment of Kang Youwei’s in 1898

不论翁同龢荐康说,还是张荫桓荐康说,都失之偏颇。事实上,丁酉冬至戊戌春,翁同龢出于变法考虑,曾向朝廷举荐康有为,并引起急于变法的光绪帝重视,反复令总署进呈康有为所上条陈及所著书籍,从而为后来康之进用做好了铺垫。在此过程中,与康关系密切的张荫桓也起了支持作用,但不是主角。随着戊戌春翁因不满康所著《孔子改制考》而与康疏远,光绪帝亦因翁不愿继续呈递康书及反对外交礼仪改革等与翁产生隔阂,于是重视西学、熟谙外务的张荫桓逐渐成为光绪帝推行变法最为倚重的大臣。“百日维新”开始后,由于翁被开缺,康的主要支持者已不是翁而是张。相比较而言,张对康的支持比翁对康的支持更隐秘一些,故康、梁后来叙述戊戌变法,更多及翁而绝少及张。

The theories that Weng Tonghe recommended Kang Youwei,or that Zhang Yinhuan recommended Kang Youwei are both onesided.In fact,from the winter of 1897 to the spring of 1898,Weng Tonghe suggested Kang Youwei to the imperial court out of consideration for reform.This recommendation attracted the attention of Emperor Guangxu,who was eager for reform,and who repeatedly ordered the Zongli Yamen to submit Kang Youwei’s articles and books,thus paving the way for Kang’s appointment.In the meantime,Zhang Yinhuan,who had a close relationship with Kang,also played a supporting role,but not the leading role.In the spring of 1898 Weng Tonghe distanced himself from Kang because he was dissatisfied with Kang’s“A Study of Confucius as a Reformer”.Meanhwhile,Emperor Guangxu was estranged from Weng because of Weng’s reluctance to continue to submit Kang’s book and opposition to the reform of diplomatic etiquette.Therefore,Zhang Yinhuan,who valued Western learning and who was familiar with foreign affairs,gradually became the Minister Emperor Guangxu relied on most to implement reforms.After the Hundred Days Reform,due to Weng’s removal,Kang’s main supporter was no longer Weng but Zhang.Comparatively,Zhang’s support for Kang was more secretive than Weng’s support for Kang.Therefore,when Kang and Liang later described the Reform Movement of 1898,they talked more about Weng and less about Zhang.