清代畿辅旗地的私有化与租佃制发展

The Development of Privatization and the Tenancy System on Banner Land in the Beijing Area in Qing Dynasty

本文以旗民关系为切入点,考察清代畿辅旗地私有化进程与租佃制发展。清初旗地经历了由国有到私有的演变;因清廷禁止旗民交产,旗地交易大量采取“典”“老典”“长租”“白契买卖”等形式。清代中期,租佃制成为旗地经营的普遍形态,并呈现如下特点:一是旗人地主与民人佃户构成租佃关系的两极;二是清廷只准旗人地主食租,不准夺佃增租;三是旗地所有权与租佃权分离,并导致永佃权的确立。这些情况,对畿辅地区旗民关系的走向,产生了深远影响。

This article takes the relationship between bannermen and commoners as the starting point to examine the privatization process and the development of the tenancy system on Banner Lands in the Beijing area.The article argues that banner lands underwent a transformation from state-owned to private ownership in the early Qing.Because the government banned property transfers between Bannermen and commoners,many land transactions took the forms of mortgage,non-redeemable mortgage,long term lease,and“private contract.”During the mid-Qing,this tenancy system became the basic form of banner land management and exhibited the following characteristics:First,the banner landlord(property owner)and the tenant constituted the two parts of the tenancy relationship.Second,the Qing court only allowed the Banner landlords to collect rent,but they could not evict tenants or increase the rent.Third,the separation of the ownership of banner land from the tenancy right,which leads to the establishment of the permanent tenant right.These conditions had a profound impact on the relations between the bannermen and commoners in the area near Beijing.