明末清初儒家修身方式的传播与递嬗——以静坐为中心的考察

The Evolution and Transmission of Confucian Self-cultivation in the Late Ming and Early Qing:An Investigation Centered on Meditation

随着明清之际儒学思想的转型,作为理学重要修身方式之一的静坐也发生了变化,具体表现为以下几方面:其一,面对理学静坐的局限及佛、道教的挑战,明末东林学者着手在理学话语体系下建构日常化、规程化、仪式化的儒门静坐法;其二,清初地方儒者通过集体化的运作方式,将静坐改造为一种宣传理学思想及塑造自我认同的公共仪式;其三,在清初礼学复兴的背景下,理学家对静坐进行礼学改造,最终在颜李学派那里形成取代静坐的“习恭”之法。考察明末清初以静坐为代表的儒家修身方式,有助于揭示这一时期理学传播与演化的丰富形态,并对已有的研究范式进行反思。

With the transformation of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing dynasties,meditation,which was an important way of moral cultivation in Neo-Confucianism,underwent change.These changes reflected in the following aspects.First,in the face of the limitations of meditation in Neo-Confucianism and the impact of Buddhism and Daoism,Donglin scholars began to construct a daily,regularized,and ritualized meditation under the discourse system of Confucian;Second,local Confucians transformed meditation into a public ritual to promote Neo-Confucianism and shape selfidentity through collective operations in the early Qing.Third,under the background of the rise of Confucian ritualism in late imperial China,Confucianists increased ritual in the meditation,and scholars who opposed Neo-Confucianism,such as Yan-Li School,reinforced this tendency and designed a method of self-cultivation called“Xi Gong”.The study of Confucian meditation in the late Ming and early Qing era reveals the rich forms of the spread and evolution of Neo-Confucianism in this period and provides a perspective from to reflect on existing research paradigms.