乾隆朝天山北路铜矿开发与铸币政策研究

The Proposal for the Development of Copper Mining and the Minting Policy of Dzungaria in the Qianlong Reign

清廷平定天山北路后,内地制钱大量流入。乾隆四十年清廷在天山北路设置宝伊局,依照内地制钱形制铸钱。为解决铜的来源与铜厂管理问题,清廷在伊犁附近开采铜矿并建设铜厂。经过清廷管理与整顿,铜厂犯人逃跑与铜矿产量下降的问题得以有效解决。在实际流通中常出现混用天山南路新普尔钱与天山北路制钱及私铸私销的问题。清廷意图通过统一天山南北货币形制、调换货币形制的方式解决。实际运作中清廷选择“从弛到禁”,并未引发经济社会秩序动荡。天山北路铜矿开发与铸币政策的稳定是清廷合理考量天山北路经济治理政策的结果。

After the Qing Dynasty pacified Dzungaria(Tianshan Beilu),a large amount of money from the mainland flowed into the region.In the fortieth year of the Qianlong reign,the Qing court established the Baoyi Bureau in Dzungaria,casting coins in accordance with the form of currency production in the mainland.To solve the problem of copper sourcing and copper factory management,the Qing government opened copper mines and built copper refineries near Ili.After the management and rectification of the Qing court,the problem of prisoners escaping from copper refineries and the decrease in copper mine production was effectively solved.In actual circulation,there was often a problem of mixing the new Pul money from the Southern March(Tianshan Nanlu)with money from Dzungaria,as well as private casting and sales.The Qing court intended to solve the problem by unifying the currency systems of the northern and southern Tianshan Mountains and exchanging currency systems.In practical operation,the Qing court chose to“transition from relaxation to prohibition”,ensuring the stability of economic and social order.The stability of copper mine development and coinage policies in the region was the result of the Qing government’s reasonable consideration of the economic governance policies in the Dzungaria.