中国露天煤矿70年成就回顾及高质量发展架构体系

Review of 70 years’achievements and high-quality development architecture system of surface coal mining in China

露天煤矿作为我国煤炭工业的重要组成部分,具有生产能力大、开采成本低、安全条件好等优势,近年来在建设规模、生产总量、开采工艺及技术装备等多方面均取得了跨越式的发展,有力保障了煤炭作为国家能源安全稳定供应的“压舱石”地位。首先回顾了新中国成立后我国露天煤矿70年来的发展历程,将其划分为起步恢复阶段(1949—1979年)、快速发展阶段(1980—1999年)、综合发展阶段(2000—2020年)和智能化初级发展阶段(2021年以后)4个时期;系统总结了每个时期的产量与数量规模、开采理论与技术、开采工艺与装备、资源开发与环境保护方面取得的突出成就。然后,探讨了现阶段露天煤矿发展面临的4个方面的主要问题,包括发展布局不均衡、可持续发展面临瓶颈、关键技术难题需深入攻关、人才短缺培养机制不完善。最后,提出构建以“安全、高效、绿色、低碳、智能”为总体目标的全链条、全周期、全要素露天煤矿高质量发展架构体系,其内涵特征包括以时效边坡理论、开采扰动指数理论、绿色开采理论、生态型开采理论、零碳负碳开采理论、智能化开采理论6种学术思想为理论基础,以灾害安全监测防控、复杂条件协同保障、生态源头减损开采、节能减污清洁利用、数字-自动-智能同建5类技术体系为核心支撑,以透明地质模型动态重构、边坡蠕滑全程精准预测、深大孔低扰动控制爆破、采空区超前探测与处置、粉尘抑制及煤自燃防治等30项关键技术为重点突破,以设计理念先进化、安全保障标准化、建设规模大型化、生产工艺综合化、开采装备智能化、核心制造国产化、矿区生态绿色化、煤炭利用清洁化、组织管理科学化、人才队伍国际化的“十化型”露天矿山为建设任务;同时给出了以规划引领为基础,以科技创新为驱动,以人才培育为保障的露天煤矿高质量发展实现路径。最终为推动我国露天煤矿向持续健康高质量方向发展提供指导。

As an important component of China’s coal industry,surface coal mines have the advantages of large production capacity,low mining costs,and great safety conditions.In recent years,surface coal mines in China have achieved a leapfrog development in construction scale,total production,mining technology,and technical equipment,which strongly guarantees the status of coal as the“ballast”for the safe and stable supply of national energy.Firstly,the development process of surface coal mines in China over the past 70 years after the founding of the People’s Republic of China was reviewed,which was divided into four stages:the initial recovery stage(1949−1979),the rapid development stage(1980−1999),the comprehensive development stage(2000−2020),and the intelligent primary development(after 2021).A systematic summary was made for the outstanding achievements made in the production and quantity scale,mining theory and technology,mining technology and equipment,and resource development and environmental protection in each stage.Then,four main problems faced by the development of surface coal mines at the current stage were discussed,including uneven development layout,bottlenecks in sustainable development,key technological problems that need to be deeply researched,and the shortage of talents and imperfect cultivation mechanism.Finally,it was proposed to construct a highquality development architecture system for surface coal mines with the overall goal of“safe,efficient,green,low carbon and intelligent”in the whole chain,whole cycle and whole elements.Its connotative features include theoretical basis:six academic ideas,i.e.time-dependent slope theory,mining disturbance coefficient theory,green mining theory,ecological mining theory,zero carbon and carbon negative mining theory,and intelligent mining theory;core support:five technical systems,i.e.disaster monitoring and prevention and control,collaborative support in complex conditions,ecological source damage reduction mining,energy conservation,pollution reduction and clean utilization,and digital-automatic-intelligent construction;key breakthroughs:30 key technologies,i.e.dynamic reconstruction of transparent geological models,accurate prediction of slope creep and slide,deep and large-hole low-disturbance control blasting,advanced detection and disposal of goaf,and dust suppression,spontaneous combustion prevention and control,and so on;construction tasks:“ten transformable type”surface mines with the evolution of design concepts,standardization of safety guarantees,largescale construction,comprehensive production processes,intelligent mining equipment,localization of core manufacturing,ecological greening of mining areas,clean utilization of coal,scientific organization and management,and internationalization of talent teams.At the same time,the realization path of high-quality development of surface coal mines based on planning guidance,driven by scientific and technological innovation,and guaranteed by talent cultivation was provided.Ultimately,it provides guidance to promote the sustainable,healthy,and high-quality development of surface coal mines in China.