从《海洋自由论》到海洋命运共同体:全球海洋公域治理的价值嬗变与路径选择

From On Ocean Liberty to“Maritime Community with a Shared Future”:Value Evolution and Path Choices in the Governance of Global Ocean Commons

格劳秀斯的《海洋自由论》改变了西方数百年的国家海洋支配思想,其中倡导的“公海自由”原则也为世界各国所遵从和支持,并成为国际海洋法的一项基本原则。1958年的《公海公约》首次以条约的形式确认了“海洋自由”思想,然而这种实用主义观点本质上是海洋大国攫取利益的工具,在实际运作中损害了国际海洋公平与利益。在全球海洋公域维持了长时期动态平衡的当下,基于习近平构建人类命运共同体理念而衍生出来的海洋命运共同体理念也逐步登上国际舞台。在国际社会的积极响应下,全球海洋公域治理的价值导向也开始由“公海自由”转变为“公海共有”,即海洋公域内的一切存在皆处于共存、共治和共享的互动体系中。海洋命运共同体理念是全人类海洋参与原则的“最大公约数”,在构建新的海洋秩序过程中彰显着中国智慧与中国力量。

Grotius'On Ocean Liberty has changed the several-hundred-year idea of national maritime domination in the West,and its principle of“freedom of the open sea”advocated therein has been followed and supported by countries all over the world,which has become a basic principle of the international law of the sea.In 1958,The Convention on the High Seas affirmed the idea of“ocean freedom”for the first time in the form of treaty.This pragmatic viewpoint,however,is essentially a tool for oceanic powers to seize interests,thus jeopardizing the fairness and interests of the international oceans in actual operation.At the present time when the global maritime commons has maintained a long period of dynamic equilibrium,the idea of“a maritime community with a shared future”derived from Xi Jinping’s concept of“building a human community with a shared future”has gradually appeared on the stage of international relations.With the positive response of the international community,the value orientation of the global governance of the ocean commons has begun to change from the“freedom of the open sea”to the“community of the open sea”,i.e.,all existences in the ocean commons are under the interactive system of coexistence,co-governance and sharing.The concept of a“ocean destiny community”is the“greatest common denominator”of the participation principle by all humankind in the oceans,manifesting China’s wisdom and strength in the process of building a new ocean order.