1986—2022年河南省夏棉品种遗传改良成效

Genetic Improvement Effects of Summer Cotton Varieties in Henan Province During 1986-2022

本研究目的是为河南省夏棉遗传改良提供理论依据。以1986—2022年河南省审定的43个夏棉品种为试验材料,对其早熟性、产量、品质、抗病性等方面的遗传改良成效进行分析。结果表明:河南省夏棉品种的早熟性、产量、纤维品质遗传改良成效显著。其中,子棉、皮棉、霜前皮棉产量每个时期分别以142.110、70.119和70.121 kg/hm^(2)的速度递增,同时生育期缩短4~15 d,现有品种产量的增长主要是通过提高单株铃数和衣分来实现的;纤维长度和断裂比强度每个时期分别以0.083 mm和0.407 cN/tex的平均速度递增,遗传改良效果显著;但马克隆值逐渐变大,纤维变粗趋势明显。枯萎病、黄萎病指数每个时期分别以1.015和2.233的平均速度递增,需进一步加强枯、黄萎病的抗性育种。

This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for the genetic improvement of summer cotton varieties in Henan Province.Based on the trials data of 43 summer cotton varieties approved by Henan Province from 1986 to 2022,the effects of genetic improvement on earliness,yield,fiber quality and disease resistance of summer cotton varieties in Henan province were analyzed.The results indicated that a great genetic progress in earliness,yield,fiber quality had been achieved by breeding programs.The yield potential of seed cotton,lint and lint before frost increased at the rates of 142.110 kg/hm^(2),70.119 kg/hm^(2)and 70.121 kg/hm^(2)in each period,respectively.At the same time,the maturity was shortened by 40-15 days.The yield increase of varieties was mainly accounted for the improvements of bolls per plant and lint percentage.As for the fiber quality,fiber elongation and fiber strength increased at the average rate of 0.083 mm and 0.407 cN/tex in each period,respectively.The Micronaire value revealed a rising trend.The indexes of Fusarium wilt and Verticillium wilt increased at the average rate of 1.015 and 2.233 in each period,respectively,which showed that their resistance to these diseases needed to be further improved.