天下同文:乾隆朝新译满汉合璧《五经》的学术史意义

“One Ideology Reign”:Research on Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty that Organized the Translations of Four Books and Five Classics into Manchu

乾隆朝新译满汉合璧《五经》所依据的汉文底本大致以宋代学者经注本为主,力求简明扼要。这与乾隆御纂汉文《五经》在其先祖以“宋学”为主的基础上转而回归“汉学”的取径颇异其趣,显示出乾隆针对满汉两个群体不同的学术导向。通过分析可以看出这种不同导向实际上都统一于乾隆的所谓“同文之治”。其“同文”的内核在于用儒家义理统一思想,而翻译则成为乾隆解经的一种手段,通过用满语翻译汉语和用今语疏解古经,乾隆达到政统、道统、学统的合一。其所强调的“同文”,主张回归儒家经典、发掘经文义理,这无疑是继宋代以后再一次经学回归本体的学术建构,也促进了乾嘉考据学风的兴起。

Emperor Qianlong(1711-1799) of the Qing Dynasty organized the translations of Four Books and Five Classics into Manchu again during his reigyn.The Manchu Five Classics based on the Chinese text,which was mainly annotated by scholars in the Song Dynasty.This is quite different from the approach taken in the new interpretation of Chinese Five Classics under his name,which was regarded as a Han school method.Through some analysis,we could see that these different orientations were actually unified in the so-called "one ideology reign" of Qianlong.The core of its "one ideology" is to unify thoughts with Confucian principles,and translation became a means for Qianlong to interpret the classics.By translating Chinese into Manchu and interpreting the ancient texts,Qianlong achieved the unity of political,legitimate and intellectual traditions.His emphasis on "one ideology" advocated a return to Confucian classics and exploration into the real meaning of the texts,which was undoubtedly the academic construction of returning to the ontology of Confucian classics after the Song Dynasty.It also promoted the rise of the academic style of textual research and philology in the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods(1736-1820).