《民法典》认领制度的适用疑难及解决

Problems and Solutions in the Application of Claim System in the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China

认领是非婚生子女取得婚生子女地位的法律途径,与亲子关系推定、婚生否认、准正等制度共同构成完整的亲子关系法律系统。然而,《中华人民共和国民法典》对认领制度作出的是一般性规定,对于任意认领、强制认领、认领否认、准正等制度的实际操作规范未加明确。德国和瑞士的认领法律体系,对完善《中华人民共和国民法典》认领的适用细则有借鉴意义。认领制度的解释适用,应当以血缘关系为必要,兼顾维护非婚生子女的身份安定性,且不得与子女最佳利益相冲突,以确保非婚生子女的亲属权益。因此,需要加强理论支撑,结合实务经验,从而对认领制度加以准确理解适用。

Claim is a legal way for the children born out of wedlock to be legitimate children,and it,together with other regulations,such as presumption of maternity or paternity,denial of maternity or paternity,legislation and so on,constitutes a complete legal system of maternity or paternity.However,the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China only provides general provisions on claim system,and does not specify the actual operation norms of the facul-tative claim,mandatory claim,denial of maternity or paternity,and legitimation.The legal system of claim in Ger-many and Switzerland can provide a good reference for the improvement of the applicable rules of claim in the Civil Code of China.The interpretation and application of the claim system should be based on the necessity of blood rela-tionship,maintain the identity stability of children born out of wedlock,and keep in line with the best interests of chil-dren to ensure the kinship rights and interests of children born out of wedlock.Therefore,this paper aims to provide theoretical support and combine practical experience to accurately understand and apply the claim system.