非刀具破岩理论与技术研究进展与趋势

Progress and trends in non-tool rock breaking theory and technology

随着我国深地战略的逐步实施,深部资源开采和地下空间建设迎来新的机遇,但也面临诸多挑战,高地应力、高地温和坚硬岩体等极端地质条件层出不穷。岩石破碎技术是所有资源开采和地下空间建设的主要工程活动,是决定施工工艺和工程效率的主要因素。在极端地质条件下,以刀具为基础的岩石破碎技术由于刀具磨损快、岩石破碎效率低,已成为遏制深地战略顺利实施的关键技术瓶颈,为解决深地岩石高效破碎难题,保障深地战略的顺利实施,迫切需求革命性的岩石破碎技术。无刀具破岩技术作为刀具破岩技术的重要补充,是突破刀具破岩技术瓶颈的可行性思路。为此,将无刀具破岩技术归纳为冲击破岩、热应力破岩和冲蚀磨损破岩3类技术体系,系统分析了水射流、激光和磨料空气射流等16种岩石破碎技术,总结了每种技术的发展历史和技术原理,分析了其破岩优势和技术瓶颈。得出,目前非刀具破岩技术没有在资源开采和地下空间建设中广泛应用的主要原因为破岩能耗高、适用较差和技术装备复杂等。相比刀具破岩,非刀具破岩技术破岩能量利用率较低,水射流破岩比能耗为刀具的40~70倍。微波、激光和等离子体等技术对施工环境要求较高,无法适用于钻井、隧道掘进等受限和恶劣环境。为解决极端地质条件岩石破碎难题,提出多种非刀具破岩技术协同破岩的思路,充分发挥每一种非刀具破岩的技术优势,构建了以射流切缝卸除高地应力、粒子冲击体积破碎坚硬岩体的破岩理念,最大限度降低岩石破碎能耗,简化系统装备,为岩石破碎技术向非刀具化发展提供理论支撑。

With the gradual implementation of China’s deep-earth engineering strategy,deep resource extraction and underground space construction have brought in some new opportunities,but they also face many challenges,with extreme geological conditions such as high geopathic stresses,high ground temperatures and hard rock bodies popping up all the time.Rock breaking technology is the main engineering activity for all resource extraction and underground space construction,and it is the main factor determining the construction process and engineering efficiency.Under extreme geological conditions,tool-based rock breaking technology has become a key technical bottleneck to affect the smooth implementation of deep-earth engineering strategy due to fast tool wear and low rock breaking efficiency.In order to solve the problem of high-efficiency rock breaking in deep-earth and to guarantee the smooth implementation of deep-earth engin-eering strategy,there is an urgent need for a revolutionary rock breaking technology.As an important supplement to the tool-based breaking technology,the non-tool rock breaking technology is a feasible solution to break through the bottle-neck of the tool-based breaking technology.To this end,the non-tool rock breaking technology is summarized into three types of technological systems,namely,impact rock breaking,thermal stress rock breaking and erosion and abrasion rock breaking.Sixteen types of rock breaking technologies,such as water jets,lasers and abrasive air jets,etc.,are systematic-ally analyzed.Also,the history of the development of each technology and their technical principles are summarized,and the advantages of the rock breaking and the technological bottlenecks are analyzed.It is concluded that the main reasons why the current non-tool rock-breaking technologies are not widely used in resource extraction and underground space construction are high energy consumption,poor adoptability and complex technical equipment.Compared with tool-based breaking,non-tool breaking technology has a lower energy utilization rate for breaking rock.The specific energy con-sumption of water jet breaking is 40-70 times that of a tool breaking.Microwave,laser and plasma technologies require high-standard operation environment and cannot be applied in drilling,tunneling and other restricted and harsh environ-ments.In order to solve the problem of rock breaking in extreme geological conditions,the idea of synergistic rock break-ing by multiple non-tool rock breaking technologies is proposed,giving full play to the technological advantages of each non-tool rock breaking technology.The rock breaking concept of unloading high geo-stress by jet slit and breaking hard rock by particle impact volume is constructed to minimize the energy consumption of rock breaking,simplify the system equipment,and provide a theoretical support for the development of non-tool rock breaking technology.