法国社会主义、共产主义和集体主义概念的产生及其相互关系

The Generation of“Socialism”,“Communism”and“Collectivism”in France and Their Relations

本文讨论法国社会主义、共产主义和集体主义三个词的产生和使用,它们在19世纪里的相互关系。现代意义上的共产主义这个词产生于18世纪末,社会主义一词在法国出现于19世纪30年代初,但要到1840年左右这两个词才开始迅速传播开来,并在1848年革命前后得到广泛普及。集体主义一词大概出现在19世纪60年代,但不妨碍人们早已对该问题展开讨论。从对所有制的态度看,集体主义的含义介于社会主义和共产主义之间。也就是说,社会主义强调人人必须劳动并享有安全、和谐生活的权利,不太重视所有制问题;共产主义强调公有制和集体生活方式;而集体主义则在主张公有制时,强调消费的个人化。

This article discusses the generation of three words,“socialism”,“communism”a nd“collectivism”,in France and their relations in the 19th century.The word“communism”appeared at the end of the 18th century,and the word“socialism”aappeared in France in the early 1830s,but they did not spread rapidly until 1840,after which they were widely used during the 1848 Revolution.The wordd“collectivism”might have appeared in the 1860s,but this did not hinder people from discussing collectivism much earlier.The meaning of“collectivism”was something between“socialism”and“communism”.That is to say,“socialism” emphasized that everyone must work and enjoy the right to live safely and harmoniously,not much about ownership;communism'stressed public ownership and collective lifestyle,while“collectivism”focused on the personalization of consumption.