“合科举于学校”:中国近代史学的酝酿

“Integrating the Civil Service Examination into Schools”:The Gestation of Moderm Chinese Historiography

清末新政期间,科举改制与新式学堂兴办都深刻影响了中国传统史学的转型。科举与学堂均倡导史学发挥维护皇权、经世致用、沟通中外的作用,且都将《御批通鉴辑览》《御批通鉴纲目》《九通》等史书列为主要参考书目。取得新章功名的进士、举人,既有中学根柢又略涉西学,暂时补足新式学堂教员之缺。新学制诞生以后,史学实际教学情况却与章程设想有很大差距。学堂的课艺、试题亦与科举新章试题相仿,科举出身的史学教习也难以彻底转变教学方式。甚至清政府倒台后,科举史论试题仍长期在各类考试中出现,深远影响了史学的学院化、专业化进程。

During the late Qing Dynasty's“New Policies”,the reform of the civil service examination and the establishment of new style schools had a profound impact on the transformation of traditional Chinese historiography.Both the civil service examination and academic institutions advocated the role of historiography in safeguarding the imperial power,state-crafting,and communicating with China and foreign countries.Both listed historical books such as Compiled Reviews of the Emperor's Remarks on Tongjiann(yupi tongjian jilan),Outline of the Emperor's Remarks on Tongjian(yupi tongjian gangmu),and the“nine political tong-genre books”(jiutong),as their main reference books.The new degree-holders such as national level jinshi and provincial level juren who had a solid base in Chinese learning and a shallow understanding of Western learning,temporarily filled the gap of teachers in modern schools.After the establishment of the new education system,there was a significant gap between the actual teaching of historiography and the blueprint envisioned.