1954年巴统缓和出口管制政策原因再探讨

Re-Discussion on the Reasons for the Relaxation of Export Control Policy by the Coordinating Committee in 1954

20世纪50年代,美国联合西欧和日本组建“巴黎统筹委员会”以管制对苏联的出口物项,实施对苏联的经济冷战。1954年,巴统却突然缓和了对苏联的出口管制。国内外学者从多个角度分析了具体原因,却少有涉及苏联1953年爆炸氢弹对此的影响。美国的全球出口管制体系是以管制核物项,尤其是逼制苏联核武器的产生和发展为基础构建起来的。苏联氢弹的爆炸从根本上引发了对出口管制实际效果、管制常规武器的必要性的质疑,甚至直接动摇了西欧出口管制的基石——美国对西欧的安全保障。加之其他因素的共同作用,英国等国被迫自救,将过去“隔绝东西方政治、经济往来”的态度转变为“加强东西方政治和经济往来”。

In 1950s,the United States,together with Western Europe and Japan,set up the“Coordinating Committeet”o control the export items to the Soviet Union and implement the economic cold war against the Soviet Union.In 1954,the Coordinating Committee suddenly relaxed the export control.Scholars at home and abroad have analyzed the specific reasons from many angles,but few have noticed the influence of the hydrogen bomh exploded by the Soviet Union in 1953.It should be noted that the global export control system of the United States was to control nuclear items,especially to curb the production and development of Soviet nuclear weapons.The explosion of the Soviet Union's hydrogen bomb fundamentally questioned the actual effect of export control and the necessity of controlling conventional weapons,and even directly shook the cornerstone of export control in Western Europe--the US security guarantee for Western Europe.Combined with other factors,Britain and other countries were forced to save themselves by changing from“isolating East from West in political and economic exchanges”into“strengthening political and economic exchanges between East and West”.