从“实用”走向“适用”:中国美学话语空间的建构

From"Practicability"to"Applicability":On the Discourse Space of Modern Literary Aesthetics

在传统“经世致用”思想与现代实用主义哲学交织、观念美学与实用美学互动所生成的话语空间里,中国哲学开始从玄学向实学转变,文学艺术亦出现了从空灵、写意向写实与实用转移。文艺美学也从一种纯粹理论或观念状态中超脱出来,开始与中国的社会现实和本土文化相交接和结合。先是在自晚清开启的中西文化交流中,“经世致用”思想催生了早期李大钊的“调和论”美学构想,意在将西方的“求温哲学”渗透进文艺创作领域,推动能辨真假世界的“大文豪”产生;继而是在“五四”新文化运动中,西方实用主义哲学及其科学思维方式开始融入中国新文艺创造,开展了文艺的“形式”实验。然而,中国美学并没有完全沿着这两种实用之学所创设的路径去发展,而是在同二者的对话与互动中,转向了更“适用”于推动中国社会变革的现实主义美学。它们对“现实”“实用”“物质”“实践”等概念的引入与聚焦,构建起了中国美学的话语空间,并成为了接引马克思主义哲学和美学的“桥头堡”。

In the discourse space constructed by the intersection of traditional thought of"practical application"and modern pragmatism philosophy,Chinese philosophy began to change from metaphysics to practical learning;literature and art have also shifted from ethereal,freehand brushwork and symbolism to reality,realism and practicality.Modern Chinese literary aesthetics has also transcended from a pure theory or conceptual state and began to connect and combine with Chinese reality and local culture.However,Chinese aesthetics did not follow the path provided by practical philosophy;but it turned to the realism aesthetics which is more e"applicable"to the reality of Chinese revolution.Although pragmatism philosophy got a cold shoulder in the era impulsion of enriching the country and strengthening the people.In the cultural exchanges between China and the West that began in the late Qing Dynasty,traditional thought of"practical application"gave birth to LI Da-zhao's conception of the aesthetics of"the theory of harmony",which was intended to infiltrate the western philosophy into the field of literary and artistic creation,and to promote the ability to create art and literature in a practical way.In the"May Fourth"New Culture Movement,the Western philosophy of pragmatism and its scientific way of thinking began to be integrated into the creation of Chinese literature and art,and the"form"experiment of literature and art was carried out.however,the concepts of"revolution","reality","material"and"practice"have entered the discourse space of Chinese aesthetics in the failed movement of"Western learning spreading to the East",and have become the"bridgehead"of Marxist philosophy and aesthetics.