丧钟敲响:皇族内阁的社会反响与抗议风潮

Tolling the Death Knell:Social Responses and Protests of the Imperial Cabinet

1911年皇族内阁成立后,遭到各方反对。有的官员公开表达不满,本为阁员的官员的表态则暴露出清廷最高层的矛盾;各报刊给予持续的批评和讥讽;以各省咨议局联合会为中心的立宪派人士多次上书抗议,又联络各团体抗争,成为反对皇族内阁的核心,并引发持续的抗议风潮。立宪派人士反对皇族内阁的根本原因,在于他们完全不信任清廷权贵,不相信他们能领导国家走出危机。在国会请愿后出台的皇族内阁,使本已十分尖锐的清政府与立宪派及社会各方的矛盾更为激化,等于敲响了清王朝的丧钟。

After the establishment of the Imperial Cabinet in 1911,it faced opposition from various quarters.Some officials openly expressed dissatisfaction,exposing the contradictions within the highest levels of the Qing court.Continuous criticism and ridicule were directed at the cabinet by various newspapers.The constitutionalists,centered around the Provincial council federation,has repeatedly petitioned and contacted various groups to protest,becoming the core force against the Imperial Cabinet and triggering sustained protests.The fundamental reason why constitutionalists opposed the Imperial Cabinet is that they had completely lost trust in the Qing court;they didn’t believe that they could lead the country out of crisis.The appearance of the Imperial Cabinet after the petition of the parliament exacerbated the intense conflict between the Qing government,constitutionalists,and various sectors of society,essentially tolling the death knell for the Qing dynasty.