“经济提携”与“军需统制”:战时日本对上海橡胶工业的侵入与控制

“Economic Support”and“Munitions Control”:Japan’s Invasion and Control of the Rubber Industry in Shanghai during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

在甲午战争、日俄战争之后特别是一战前后,日本对华资本和商品输出规模迅速扩张,在矿产资源、交通运输、化工盐业、纺织业、金融业等行业内的经济势力不断增强。橡胶业为近代新兴行业,因橡胶制品有广泛的民用及军事用途,日本也综合运用其政治、军事及经济优势,楔入到以上海为中心的行业产业链之中。在1931年前,日本主要通过开设洋行参与贸易、设立企业、输出设备等方式,扩大在行业中的参与度。到九一八事变之后,不仅扩充日资厂规模,且通过企业并合方式侵占华资橡胶厂。太平洋战争爆发后,橡胶军民制品需求急剧提升,日本当局在“经济提携”“技术提携”口号下,对原有同业组织进行重组整顿,设立日华護謨(橡胶)工业组合联合会,对原料、生产、销售诸环节实施全行业控制,将华商工厂全面纳入日本的战时物资供给体系之中,使之呈现出鲜明的殖民地依附型经济特性,原有的“国货全能”的发展计划被中止破坏。从商品输出到资本输出,从扩充日资厂到侵占华资厂,从企业并合到行业控制,日本对上海橡胶工业的侵入,反映了日本将军事侵占与经济控制相结合以实现“现地自给”的扩张路径。

After the First Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War,and especially before and after World War I,the scale of Japan’s capital and commodity exports to China expanded rapidly,and its economic power in the mineral resources,transport,chemical and salt industries,textile industry,financial industry and other industries continued to grow.Japan comprehensively utilized its political,military,and economic advantages to wedge itself into the industry supply chain centered around Shanghai because the rubber industry was an emerging industry in modern times and rubber products had a wide range of civilian and military applications.Prior to 1931,Japan expanded its participation in the industry mainly by opening foreign firms to participate in trade,setting up enterprises and exporting equipment.After the Mukden Incident of 1931,Japan not only expanded the scale of Japanese-funded factories,but also encroached on Chinese-funded rubber factories through enterprise merger.After the outbreak of the Pacific War,the demand for rubber products surged,prompting Japanese authorities to reorganize and consolidate the original industry under slogans of“economic support”and“technology support”,The Federation of Japanese-Chinese Rubber Industries was set up to exercise industry-wide control over raw materials,production and sales,and to fully integrate Chinese factories into Japan’s wartime material supply system,giving them a distinctly colonial-dependent economic character,and suspending and destroying the original“all-around national product”development plan.Japan’s incursion into the Shanghai rubber industry—from commodity exports to capital exports,from expanding Japanese-owned factories to taking over Chinese-owned factories,and from enterprise mergers to industry control—reflects Japan’s expansion path of combining military occupation with economic control to achieve“self-sufficiency of the present place”.