以《江华条约》为视角透视东亚国际格局的演变

Insight on the Evolution of International Relations in East Asia from the Perspective of the Jianghua Treaty

中国、日本和朝鲜是东亚三个主要国家,在1876年日朝签订《江华条约》之前,三国保持相对友好的关系,尤其中朝结成宗藩体系,然而《江华条约》之后,三国关系发生了重要变化,由中国主导的传统东亚宗藩体系解体,日本成为东亚强国,中朝也成为日本的主要侵略对象,新的东亚国际格局开始形成。日本由受西方侵略逐渐成为侵略中朝甚至独霸亚洲的帝国主义国家,中国由东亚宗藩体系的盟主变为被侵略对象。东亚国际格局的变化起始于《江华条约》,然而其主要原因在于三国面对西方侵略的态度和应对方式存在巨大差异,日本不仅有着深深的忧患意识,而且进行了深刻的变革,而中朝则反应迟缓,既缺乏必要的忧患意识,更没有足够深刻的变革。

China,Japan,and Korea are the three major countries in East Asia.Prior to the signing of the Jianghua Treaty be⁃tween Japan and Korea in 1876,the three countries maintained relatively friendly relations,especially the vassal system between China and Korea.However,after the Jianghua Treaty,significant changes occurred in the relationship among the three countries.The traditional East Asian vassal system led by China disintegrated,and Japan became an East Asian power.China and Korea al⁃so became Japan’s main targets of aggression,and a new international pattern in East Asia began to take shape.Japan gradually transformed from being invaded by the West into an imperialist country that invaded China and even dominated Asia,while China transforming from an ally of the East Asian vassal system to an object of aggression.The changes in the international landscape in East Asia began with the Jianghua Treaty,but the main reason is that there are significant differences in the attitudes and respons⁃es of the three countries towards Western aggression.Japan not only has a deep sense of crisis,but also has undergone profound changes.China and Korea have been slow to respond,lacking necessary crisis awareness,and even less profound changes.