玉米野生种基因组研究进展及应用

Research Advance and Applications in Maize Wild Relatives Genomes

气候变化为粮食生产、生态系统的稳定性带来了重要的挑战。在极端气候变化下,发展适应性物种是作物遗传育种的重要目标之一。作为重要的作物之一,玉米在经历强烈的驯化瓶颈之后,已经丢失了大量的遗传多样性,特别是一些与生物和非生物胁迫相关的位点。在野生种和农家种中寻找玉米驯化过程中丢失的遗传多样性,并将其应用于现代遗传育种中,将为适应性新品种的创制提供新的契机。本文在对大刍草(玉米野生近亲)的发现及分类研究进行介绍之后,进一步总结了大刍草和玉米的性状与基因组差异,并综述了目前基于遗传学、群体遗传学、分子生物学等对大刍草和玉米之间差异遗传机理剖析的进展,多角度表明了大刍草在玉米遗传学研究中的重要性。最后,对未来气候变化下大刍草在玉米育种中的重要性提出了展望。

Global change of climate has made great challenges to the crop productions and economical stabilities.The creation of adaptive species under the extreme environmental change is one of the primary goals in modern crop breeding process.As one of the most important crops in the world,maize have lost substantial genetic diversities during domestication,especially the loci that respond to the biotic and abiotic stress.Finding and utilizing the genetic diversity lost during maize domestication in wild species and landrace will provide new light for the creation of new adaptive varieties.In this review,we firstly introduce the discoveries and classification of teosinte(wild relatives of maize),and then summarize the traits and genomic difference between teosinte and maize,the genetic mechanism of divergence of maize and teosinte basing on genetics,population genetics,molecular biology,revealing the importance of teosinte in the development of maize genetics from multiple perspectives.Finally,we prospect the key role of teosinte in maize future breeding process under climate changes.