肾移植受者发生肾癌的临床特征和诊治分析

Clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment of renal cell carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients

目的:探讨肾移植受者发生肾癌的临床特征和诊疗特点。方法:回顾性分析2011年3月至2023年3月天津市第一中心医院收治的27例肾移植受者发生肾癌患者的临床资料,其中男性25例、女性2例。27例患者中24例行肾癌根治性切除术(包括1例行双侧肾癌根治性切除术、1例行肾输尿管全长切除术),3例行保守治疗。手术方式包括开放、腹腔镜和机器人手术,并对患者的诊疗过程、病理特征和手术预后进行分析。结果:手术中位时间为148(100~210)min,术后中位住院时间为7(4~10)天。24例手术患者为原肾肾癌,肿瘤直径平均为(4.03±2.49)cm,其中6例为肾乳头状细胞癌、1例为肾嫌色细胞癌、17例为肾透明细胞癌。3例行保守治疗中的1例患者发现移植肾肿物,行穿刺活检病理为肾透明细胞癌。27例患者的临床TNM分期分别为T1aN0M0为18例、T1bN0M0为4例、T2aN0M0为2例、T4N1M1为3例。患者首次诊断肿瘤的平均年龄为(51.21±7.60)岁。至移植前中位透析时间为19(1.2~72.0)个月,诊断肿瘤至移植手术的中位时间为95(12~180)个月。27例患者中位随访时间为47(3~147)个月,随访至129个月和95个月后有2例死亡,死亡原因分别为肺炎和脓毒血症。结论:肾移植术后发生肾癌患者的早期诊断较为困难,有多发、囊性变、坏死倾向,重视规范的随访及确定预防性切除术时机尤为重要。

Objective:To analyze the clinical characteristics,diagnosis,and treatment of renal cell carcinoma in kidney transplant recipients.Methods:The clinical data of 27 kidney transplant recipients(2 female and 25 male patients)with renal cell carcinoma admitted to Tianjin First Center Hospital between March 2011 and March 2023 were retrospectively analyzed.Twenty-four of the 27 patients underwent radical nephrectomy,including one who underwent bilateral surgery and one who underwent nephroureterectomy.Three patients were conservatively treated.The surgical approaches included open,laparoscopic,and robot-assisted laparoscopic procedures,and analyses were performed on the diagnosis and treatment process,pathological features,and surgical prognoses of patients.Results:The surgical duration was 148 min(range,100–210 min),and the postoperative hospital stay was 7 d(range,4–10 d).Twenty-four cases of renal cell carcinoma were detected in native kidneys,with an average diameter of(4.03±2.49)cm,including 6 cases of papillary renal cell carcinomas,1 case of chromophobe cell carcinoma,and 17 cases of clear cell carcinomas.One of the conservatively treated patients with graft clear renal cell carcinoma was pathologically confirmed via biopsy puncture.The clinical stages of the 27 patients were divided based on the extent of the tumor(T),extent of spread to the lymph nodes(N),and presence of metastasis(M),referred to as the TNM staging criteria as follows:T1aN0M0 in 18 cases,T1bN0M0 in 4 cases,T2aN0M0 in 2 cases,and T4N1M1 in 3 cases.The average age at the first tumor diagnosis after transplantation was(51.21±7.60)years.Median dialysis time before transplantation was 19 months(range,1.2–72 months).The median time from tumor diagnosis to transplantation surgery was 95 months(range,12–180 months).The median follow-up time of the 27 patients was 47 months(range,3–147 months),and two patients died after 129 and 95 months of follow-up because of pneumonia and sepsis,respectively.Conclusions:Early diagnosis of renal cancer after renal transplantation is difficult because of multiple cystic changes and necrotic tendencies.In addition,it is especially important to have a standardized follow-up plan and determine the timing of prophylactic surgery.