类器官模型在膀胱癌中的研究进展

Research progress of organoid models in bladder cancer

类器官是一种新型体外模型,能有效重现肿瘤微环境的复杂性。与传统的临床前模型相比,类器官保留了原发肿瘤的组织学和分子学特性,成为研究肿瘤异质性、功能通路和免疫微环境的重要工具,适用于生物标志物发现、药物筛选和个体化治疗。尽管类器官面临低建模成功率、高成本和缺乏标准化等问题,但生物工程技术不断创新、跨学科融合有望克服这些挑战。本文将对类器官在膀胱癌研究中的优势、建立过程和其临床应用前景与挑战进行综述。

Organoids are novel in vitro models that can effectively simulate the complexities of tumor microenvironments.Compared to traditional preclinical models,organoids retain most of the histological and molecular properties of the primary tumor;therefore,they are more useful for studying tumor heterogeneity,underlying functional pathways,and immune microenvironments as well as for research on biomarker discovery,drug screening,and individual chemotherapy.Furthermore,current limitations,challenges such as low modeling success rates,high costs,and lack of standardization are expected to be overcome by continued innovations in bioengineering technologies and interdisciplinary integration.This article reviews the advantages,establishment processes,and prospects and challenges associated with the clinical application of organoids in bladder cancer.