从“教有三变”看王阳明的静坐教学方法

The Discussion of Wang Yangming's Meditation Teaching Method

静坐是王阳明及其弟子治学的一种方法,据钱德洪“教有三变”的表述,王阳明静坐教学方法的形成过程大致经历了三个阶段。第一阶段为正德八年(1513)之前,是王阳明静坐教学方法形成的起始期,以王阳明贵州龙场静坐悟道为例。第二阶段为正德八年(1513)到正德十四年(1519),以王阳明在滁州等地讲授静坐教学方法为例,是王阳明静坐教学方法的发展期。第三阶段是正德十四年(1519)之后,王阳明将静坐教学方法纳入其“致良知”心学体系之中,认为“致良知”是静坐的要诀;而静坐也是可以在“致良知”过程中随时援用的工夫,这标志着王阳明的静坐教学法最终形成。

For Wang Yangming and his disciples,meditation is an important method of moral cultivation.According to Qian Dehong's statement of three changes in teaching,the evolution of Wang Yangming's meditation teaching method has gong through three stages.The first stage,the time of which is before the 8th year of Zhengde,is the origin period of Yangming's Meditation teaching method,with the Guizhou Longchang Epiphany as the major deed.From the 8th year of Zhengde to the 14th year of Zhengde is the second stage,in which Wang Yangming applied meditation in his teaching in Chuzhou,which features the development period of Wang Yangming's meditation teaching method.After 14th year of Zhengde is the third stage,at this time,meditation was incorporated into the system of conscience by Yangming,who pointed out that return to conscience is the goal of meditation;at the same time,he expanded the applicable circumstances of meditation,depend on their own situation,scholars can use it anytime they need in the process of returning to conscience,which marked the final formation of Yangming's meditation teaching method.