正统之辩:藏传佛教后弘期戒律传承问题的争论

Discourse on Orthodoxy: Debate on the Inheritance of Precepts during the Second Dissemination of Tibetan Buddhism

佛教认为戒律是佛教存续的重要基础,梳理藏传佛教不同戒律传承的形成和发展,分析后弘期藏传佛教高僧对律部经典阐释而起的律统之争及其戒律实践,可以厘清高僧对律部经典的创造性实践和藏传佛教戒律本土化的演进过程。藏传佛教发展史上分别形成了三大戒律传承体系,在后期发展过程中,班钦传承与喇钦传承者们以受戒程序和授戒资格为焦点,围绕戒律传承的正统性问题展开了持久的争辩,对之后藏传佛教诸宗高僧的戒律受持与宗教实践产生了深远影响。将后弘期藏传佛教律统之争的过程与意义置于藏传佛教史的脉络谱系中,理解更为深刻的历史背景和现实逻辑,同时更容易厘清僧侣受戒程序、授戒资格的规范化问题,从而深化藏传佛教本土化演进中出现的两大律统实践方式相糅合的“适应性策略”之认识。

Buddhism believes that precepts are an important foundation for the survival of Buddhism.By sorting out the formation and development of different precepts inheritance in Tibetan Buddhism,and analyzing the disputes over the precepts and their precept practices that arose from the interpretation of the Vinaya classics by eminent Tibetan Buddhist monks in the Second Dissemination period,we can clarify the eminent monks’ creative practice of Vinaya scriptures and the evolution of localization of Tibetan Buddhist precepts.In the history of the development of Tibetan Buddhism,three major systems of inheritance of precepts were formed.In the later development process,Panchen lineage and Lachen lineage focused on the ordination procedures and qualifications for ordination,and launched a long-lasting debate around the orthodoxy of the inheritance of precepts,which had a profound impact on the precepts and religious practices of eminent monks of various sects of Tibetan Buddhism.By placing the process and significance of the Tibetan Buddhist Precepts system disputes in the Second Dissemination period within the context of the history of Tibetan Buddhism,we can understand the deeper historical background and realistic logic,and at the same time,it is easier to clarify the standardization of monks’ ordination procedures and ordination qualifications,thereby deepening the understanding of the “adaptive strategy” of combining the two major Precepts practices that emerged in the localization evolution of Tibetan Buddhism.