河南省专业村劳动力外流与影响因素分析

Labor force outflow and influencing factors in specialized villages of Henan Province

专业村作为农区经济发展的一种特殊形式,被认为是乡村振兴的重要抓手。近年来,许多专业村呈现高度集约化的发展趋势,专业大户的出现和增多导致了部分专业小户放弃从事特色产业项目。专业村中从事专业化生产的专业户比例下降,劳动力外流现象已经显现。论文依托河南省专业村2008年和2017年两次普查数据及2022—2023年开展的典型案例区专业村实地调研数据,运用空间自相关和热点分析等方法对不同类型专业村劳动力外流特征进行分析,借助地理探测器对专业村劳动力外流的主导因素进行探测识别和交互作用分析。研究发现:(1)整体来看,河南省各地区的专业村劳动力外流数量均明显增多;(2)从空间特征来看,农业型专业村劳动力外流的空间集聚特征明显,工业型专业村劳动力外流不具有空间集聚特征,服务业型及其他专业村劳动力外流具有空间集聚趋势;(3)从数量变化来看,农业型专业村劳动力外流在河南省各个地区均呈增多态势,工业型专业村劳动力外流在豫东地区最为明显,服务业型及其他专业村劳动力外流相对较为复杂;(4)定量分析结果表明,专业户率、区位特征、耕地资源、人力资源是影响专业村劳动力外流的主要因素;(5)研究认为专业村劳动力外流的机制较为复杂,村庄和产业是固定劳动力的重要物质载体,产业发展过程中产生的离心力和政策规范引导产生的向心力相互作用,造成了劳动人口流失和回流处于不断动态变化的状态。

Specialized villages(SVs),as a special form of economic development in agricultural areas,are considered an important lever for rural revitalization.In recent years,many SVs have shown a highly intensive development trend,with the emergence and increase of large specialized households,causing some small specialized households to abandon characteristic production projects.The proportion of specialized households engaging in specialized production in SVs has decreased,and labor outflow has become apparent.Based on the data of two censuses of SVs in Henan Province and the data of field investigation of SVs in typical case areas conducted from 2022 to 2023,this study used the spatial autocorrelation and hot spot analysis methods to analyze the characteristics of labor outflow from different types of SVs.Geographic detectors were used to detect,identify,and analyze the dominant factors of labor outflow from SVs.This study found that:1) Overall,the outflow of labor from SVs in various regions of Henan Province has significantly increased.2) The spatial agglomeration characteristics of labor outflow in agricultural SVs were obvious,while the labor outflow in industrial SVs did not show spatial agglomeration characteristics,and the labor outflow in service and other SVs showed a spatial agglomeration trend.3) The outflow of labor force from agricultural SVs were increasing in various regions,while the outflow of labor force from industrial SVs were most obvious in the eastern region of the province.The outflow of labor force from service industry and other SVs were relatively complex.4) The quantitative analysis results indicate that the rate of specialized households,location characteristics,arable land resources,and human resources are the main factors affecting the outflow of the labor force from SVs.5) This study indicates that the mechanism of labor outflow in SVs is relatively complex,and villages and industries are important material carriers that attract labor force.The interaction of centrifugal force generated in the process of industrial development and centripetal force generated by policies and norms leads to a dynamic state of labor loss and return.