第二次世界大战期间美国对内宣传:政策理念与运作机制

American Domestic Propaganda during World War Ⅱ:Policy Ideas and Operational Mechanism

太平洋战争爆发后,美国联邦政府成立专门的机构战争信息署开展针对国内受众的宣传工作,以凝聚共识、鼓舞士气及进行战争动员。在开展宣传活动时,战争信息署时常受到军方和其他政府机构的牵制与贬损。为避免被怀疑“操控舆论”和破坏新闻自由,战争信息署始终坚持“真实策略”,努力向公众提供清晰完整且真实准确的信息。在处理与商业媒体及民间组织的关系时,战争信息署坚持“公私合作”的运作机制,将自己定位为协调机构和信息发布机构,为各行业的宣传活动提供指导与咨询服务。这些理念和机制保证了战争信息署对内宣传目标的实现,并塑造了此后美国对内宣传的风格。

After the outbreak of the Pacific War,the federal government established the Office of War Information(OWI)to conduct propaganda efforts aimed at domestic audiences to build consensus,boost morale and mobilize for the war.In carrying out its propaganda activities,the OWI was often hampered and constrained by the War Department,the Department of the Navy,and other government agencies.To avoid being suspected of"manipulating public opinion"and undermining press freedom,the Office of War Information adhered to the"strategy of truth"and strove to provide clear,complete,and accurate information to the public.In its relationship with commercial media and civil society organizations,the OWI operated as a state-private partnership,positioning itself as a coordinating agency and central distributor and providing guidance and advisory services for the propaganda activities of various industries.