摘要
声誉罚是行政主体通过对外披露相对人违法行为来贬损其名誉以达到惩戒目标的处罚种类。基于行政主体在污名与负面信息扩散等方面主动作用程度的差异,声誉罚有可能渐次作用于相对人的精神、名誉、财产和资格。声誉罚梯度自下而上共三个层级,分别是以客观披露与克制批评为核心的单一式声誉罚、高度汇聚违法信息或广泛扩展披露渠道的集合式声誉罚、将负面评价加诸行为人而非违法行为的标签式声誉罚。为确保处罚决定的合法性,行政主体应当优先选择更为温和的声誉罚形式。为兼顾过罚相当与合理威慑目标,行政主体须将违法者和违法行为的异质性纳入裁量因素,并将欺骗类、侵犯他人信息和名誉权益的违法行为与更加严厉的声誉罚形式相匹配。
Reputation penalty is an important kind of administrative penalty.The government realizes the purpose of punishment by disclosing illegal behaviors information.The government has great discretion in spreading negative information about enterprises and individuals.The reputation penalty may affect the rights and interests of spirit,reputation,property and qualification.The hierarchy of the reputation penalty consists of three levels from bottom to top,namely,"prudent reputation penalty"characterized by objective disclosure and restraint of criticism;"collective Reputation penalty"of highly gathering illegal information or widely expanding disclosure channels;and"label reputation penalty"that imposes negative evaluation on the offender rather than the illegal act.The government should prioritize choosing moderate forms of reputation penalty and adhere to the principle of proportionality.In order to balance the goal of"suiting penalty to fault"and"reasonable deterrence",on the one hand,the government should consider the difference in the degree of influence of reputation penalty on offenders;on the other hand,the government should take more severe reputation penalty for the illegal acts of cheating and infringing on others'information and reputation.
作者
王瑞雪
WANG Ruixue(Nankai University Law School)
出处
《法学家》
CSSCI
北大核心
2024年第2期28-40,192,共14页
The Jurist
基金
国家社科基金青年项目“声誉制裁在行政法中的体系定位与法治完善研究”(21CFX066)的阶段性成果。
关键词
声誉罚
负面信息披露
过罚相当
合理威慑
Reputation Penalty
Adverse Publicity
Suiting Penalty to Fault
Reasonable Deterrence