刑事证明困难的实体法回应

Substantive law's Response to the Difficulty in Criminal Proving

刑事实体法的设定和理解要考虑诉讼程序中的证明困难问题,贯彻实用性原则并承担起减轻程序负担的功能。据此,刑事推定规则下类型化的基础事实可代替待证事实形塑构成要件;并不违反责任原则的客观处罚条件的认定可发挥其减轻证明负担的价值;堵截性构成要件和基本构成要件存在规范的层级关系,前者既可独立适用也可在后者难以被证明时被选择适用;概括性构成要件是具体构成要件的存疑刑罚,其仅在该当具体构成要件的犯罪事实存疑时启用。存疑刑罚规范贯彻的是存疑从轻原则,也并未违反无罪推定原则。实体法应有限应对证明困难,避免过度犯罪化。刑法的设立和解释仍应坚持比例原则,重点考量行为的需罚性,坚守责任原则,秉持故意和过失分离处罚的罪刑相适应原则,禁止降低证明标准的不当解释。

The establishment and application of substantive criminal law should consider the difficulty in proving in criminal procedure,the criminal law should implement the principle of practicality and assume the function of reducing the burden of procedure.Therefore,the typed basic facts under the rules of criminal presumption can replace the elements of the facts to be proved;the identification of objective punishment conditions that do not violate the principle of responsibility can be used to reduce the burden of proof;there is a standardized hierarchical relationship between the blocking constituent elements and the basic constituent elements.The former can be applied independently or when the latter is difficult to prove;the general constituent elements are the suspension punishments of specific constituent elements,which should only be used when the criminal facts of the specific constituent elements are difficult to prove.The criterion of suspension punishments carry out the principle of leniency of doubt,so it does not violate the principle of presumption of innocence.The substantive law should avoid excessive criminalization when deals with the difficulty in proving.The establishment and interpretation of the criminal law should still adhere to the principle of proportionality,focus on the need of punishment of the act,adhere to the principle of responsibility,stick to the principle of equivalence between intentional and negligence,and prohibit improper interpretation of lowering the standard of proof.