实践诠释学的两条路径——在海德格尔与伽达默尔之间

Two Paths of Practical Hermeneutics:Between Heidegger and Gadamer

伽达默尔在《真理与方法》中提出的哲学诠释学发源于早期海德格尔的实际性诠释学,但又与海德格尔有着突出“存在论兴趣”的诠释学进路有着明显差异。就其共同的实践取向和实行特征而言,二者可以被称为实践诠释学的两条路径。伽达默尔的实践诠释学首先是一门对话诠释学,它在海德格尔的自身诠释学的基础上又超越了后者,强调自身与他者之间的辩证运动和视域融合。同时,它旨在重建传统的正当性,将与传承物的照面作为理解得以发生的可能性条件。然而,伽达默尔对他者和传统的诠释学重建的根本动因与海德格尔对存在论面向的强调是一致的,它们都源于实践诠释学的普遍性要求。实践诠释学的根本特征在于对普遍性的重建,亦即建立一种具体的、历史性的普遍性。

The philosophical hermeneutics proposed by Gadamer in Truth and Method originates from Heidegger's early hermeneutics of facticity,yet differing remarkably from the latter with a strong"ontological interest".In terms of their practical orientation,the aforesaid approaches can be called two paths of practical hermeneutics.First of all,Gadamer's practical hermeneutics is one of dialogue,which is based on Heidegger's hermeneutics of the Self but goes beyond the latter by emphasizing the dialectical movement and fusion of horizons taking place between the Self and the Other.At the same time,it aims at a reconstruction of the legitimacy of tradition,arguing that an encounter with the inherited object constitutes the condition of possibility for understanding.However,the underlying motive for Gadamer's hermeneutic reconstruction of the Other and tradition is the same as Heidegger's stress on the ontological orientation,for both of them stem from a claim of universality in practical hermeneutics.In this sense,the fundamental feature of practical hermeneutics consists in its reconstruction of universality,or,its establishment of a concrete and historical universality.