口述史访谈与历史场景的搭建——基于口述史访谈者的研究

Oral History Interviews and Construction of Historical Scenes:A Study Based on Oral History Interviewers

伴随中国社会学的重建,口述史作为一种研究方法和一项社会实践经历了三次规模性推进。本文基于对26位口述史访谈者的研究发现,通过对个人生命史的挖掘,研究者(访谈者)与亲历者(被访者)共同参与了历史场景的搭建。这一搭建主要包括倾听一提问、回忆一讲述和叙事一选择三个过程:倾听一提问不仅是访谈顺利进行的前提,也是研究者与亲历者共同重返历史场景的“步道”;回忆一讲述涉及亲历者对个人生命史的整体性回顾,并因与研究者的互动而具有“沟通记忆”的性质,同时也与遗忘有着紧密的颉顽关系;叙事一选择则包括对过往的重新梳理和建构,这既受到集体记忆框架的制约,也受到不同形式的“他人在场”甚至社会结构的影响。最后,以费孝通先生的“进得去”和“出得来”为题眼,本文进一步讨论了口述史访谈中的共情与抽身,强调应将个人生命史的研究融入广衰的社会历史脉络之中。

Oral history,as a research method and social practice,has undergone three distinct periods since the reconstruction of Chinese sociology.This study draws upon investigations from 26 oral history interviewers,revealing that interviewers and interviewees collaboratively construct historical scenes by exploring personal life histories.The construction process entails three stages:"listening and asking,""recalling and telling,"and"narrating and selecting."Firstly,"listening and asking"serves as the foundational step of the interview process.Secondly,"recalling and telling"entails a comprehensive review of the interviewee's life history.Thirdly,"narrating and selecting"involves the reorganization and construction of the past.A successful oral history interview results from the interaction between the interviewer and interviewee across these three stages.Furthermore,maintaining a certain degree of detachment while gaining a deeper understanding of the interviewee in oral history interviews is crucial.This approach is not only essential for conducting effective interviews but also facilitates researchers in integrating personal life histories into broader social and historical contexts.