郑州地区仰韶文化居民的开颅术研究

TREPANATION RESEARCH ON RESIDENTS OF YANGSHAO CULTURE IN ZHENGZHOU AREA

开颅术是已知最古老的外科手术之一。国内出土的开颅术穿孔颅骨多集中在黄河上游以及新疆地区,而郑州地区却较少发现,研究相对薄弱。本研究对开颅术穿孔与其他颅骨穿孔进行了区分,并对愈合情况做了分类。通过研究郑州地区仰韶文化晚期的巩义双槐树遗址、汪沟遗址与尚岗杨遗址出土的540例个体,发现了5例符合定义标准的开颅术颅骨,其中2例开颅术颅骨存在愈合迹象。为了对比分析郑州地区的开颅术,梳理了中国集中出土的开颅术材料,总结出黄河上游以及新疆地区、黄河中下游地区、东北地区、黄河以南地区4个区域开颅术颅骨的特点,并讨论了郑州地区仰韶文化开颅术穿孔的形态特征,分析了该地区的开颅方法以及开颅目的。从结果来看,郑州地区仰韶文化晚期居民已经掌握了开颅技术,该地区开颅术穿孔具有其独特的复杂性以及地域性特点,表现为:穿孔较小、形状规则、穿孔方法较少、分布位置多样但具有特殊性、愈合情况不佳、穿孔目的复杂。

Trepanation is one of the oldest known surgical procedures.Most trepanned skulls unearthed in China are concentrated in the upper Yellow River and Xinjiang region.At the same time,fewer have been found in Zhengzhou region,and the study is relatively weak.This study distinguished trepanation from other cranial perforations and categorized the healing conditions.Through the analysis of 540 individuals excavated from the late Yangshao Culture sites in Gongyi Shuanghuaishu(34.90°N,113.50°E),Xingyang Wanggou(34.83°N,113.4°E),and Zhengzhou Shanggangyang(34.72°N,113.74°E),5 cases of trepanned skulls meeting the defined criteria were identified,and 2 of which showed signs of healing.To compare and analyze trepanations in Zhengzhou area,we reviewed trepanned skulls unearthed in China.We summarized the characteristics of trepanations from four geographical regions:the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Xinjiang,the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River,the Northeast of China,and the south of the Yellow River.The morphologic characteristics of trepanations of the Yangshao culture in Zhengzhou area were discussed,and the method of the trepanation,as well as the purpose of the trepanation,were analyzed.From the results,it is clear that the residents of the late Yangshao culture in Zhengzhou area have mastered trepanation technique.Trepanations in this area have their unique complexities as well as geographical characteristics,which are manifested in the following aspects:smaller size of trepanations,between 6mm and 15 mm in diameter;regular shapes of the trepanation;fewer methods of the trepanation,diverse but specific distribution locations,poor healing,and complex purposes of the trepanation.