巫山大水田遗址动物骨骼微痕分析与利用方式研究

RESEARCH ON MICROSCRATCH ANALYSIS AND UTILIZATION METHODS OF ANIMAL BONE REMAINS FROM THE DASHUITIAN SITE IN WUSHAN,CHONGQING

巫山大水田遗址是重庆地区重要的大溪文化时期的遗存之一,2014年发掘出土了大量该时期的动物骨骼,经鉴定有20科38种动物,并进行观察统计发现骨骼的破碎程度很高,说明古人对骨骼的开发利用程度很高。骨骼表面的微痕分析后,将骨骼表面的痕迹分为剥皮性和剔肉性的切割痕迹,以及单向、对向和环绕型的砍砸痕迹两大类;骨骼的利用方式分析将遗址内出土的所有破碎骨骼与生活器皿进行尺寸统计表明,生活器皿与骨骼的破碎度存在一定关联,推测古人或许已利用器皿对骨骼进行烹煮从而进行骨油开发;与此同时,从骨料的残块和骨器器型着手分析,推测出不同骨器的材料来源,并初步复原出骨器的制作工序为选料、截料、改料、磨制成器4个步骤。

The Dashuitian site(31°02′21.6″N,109°45′14.7″E)is one of the most important Daxi Culture period remains in Wushan,Chongqing.There were so many bones unearthed from the site in 2014,we just only identified partial skeletons from 41 relic units included graves,ash pits and layers,other materials are still being updated and organized.Up to now,20 families and 38 species of animals have been identified.According to the statistics on the number of identified animal bones,a total of 515165 bone fragments were recorded,this included 20432 mammal bones,the number of broken specimens(NSP)were 17879 and the number of identifiable specimens(NISP)were 2553,the ratio between NISP and NSP was calculated at 14.3%.while the minimum number of individuals(MINI)is estimated to be 152,the MINI-to-NISP ratio stands at approximately 6%.Additionally,there were 494427 fish bones found in this site,among them,NSP reached a total of 489071 and NISP amounted to 5356 with a ratio of approximately 1.1%.Furthermore,9 bird bones were identified with 1 individual being represented by these specimens.Lastly,we also discovered and identified a total of 297 reptile bones.In this paper,we observed and counted these broken bones found that the fragment of bones'degree was very high,this indicated that the ancient people had a high level of development and utilization to bones.In terms of microscartch analysis on the bone surface,in which marks were distinguished into cutting marks and chopping marks.The cutting marks were divided into peeling and picking marks,the chopping marks contained one-way,two-way and surrounds marks.In the bones utilization methods,there were some associations between broken bones and vessels when we counted all the broken bones and vessels sizes from the site,perhaps the ancient people used potteries cook bones to get the animal oil.At the same time,we analyzed the aggregate scraps and bone implement,infer that different bone implements had different bone material source.In addition,We have restored the manufacturing steps of the bone tools:selected the bones,cut off the bone canalis,modified the materials,grinded into bone implements.