十九世纪古巴华工历史现象与成因探析——兼论晚清时期苦力贸易的国内形势与国际背景

Exploring the Historical Phenomenon and Causes of Chinese Labor in Nineteenth-Century Cuba-The Domestic Situation and International Background of the Labor Trade in the Late Qing Dynasty

清代华工出洋源于逃避晚清社会生存危机的谋生动机,但不幸陷入古巴殖民地的契约苦力陷阱。在西班牙政府的包庇纵容下,古巴华工遭遇了苦难的命运。清政府一面采取各种内政外交措施严厉查禁苦力走私,一面期望英美等西方国家及其外交领事人员给予帮助。在清政府和英美等国的共同压力下,葡西两国最终放弃中国的苦力贸易。同时,清政府派驻领事官员为古巴华工提供领事保护,华工终于获得了自由的权利。

The Chinese workers of the Qing Dynasty went overseas because of the motivation to escape the existential crisis of the late Qing society,but unfortunately fell into the trap of indentured servitude in the Cuban colony.Under the harboring and connivance of the Spanish government,Cuban Chinese workers suffered a bitter fate.While the Qing government took all kinds of domestic and diplomatic measures to strictly prohibit the smuggling of laborers,it also looked to Western countries such as Britain and the United States and their diplomatic and consular personnel for help.Under the joint pressure of the Qing government and Britain and the United States,Portugal and the Spain finally gave up the Chinese labor trade.At the same time,the Qing government sent consular officials to provide consular protection for Cuban Chinese workers,who finally gained the right to freedom.