羌、戎、吐蕃、羊同之汉藏对音新讨论

What Are the Tibetan Etymologies of羌,戎,吐蕃and象雄--A New View of the Old Questions

羌、戎(尤其西戎)、吐蕃、羊同等是汉语古代文献中指称青藏高原和西北一带古族群名或古国名的词语。前辈学者们从藏语藏缅语乃至古代羊同语等民族语言出发考察这些族群名和国名的研究成果非常多,同时也有不少存疑的地方。国内外学界在研究汉语“吐蕃”一词的来源、古藏文对音方面发表的论文达数十篇。除主张“吐蕃”直接来自藏语,也有来自其他民族,或来自藏语又通过其他民族为中介说等,迄今难有定论。尤其是要妥帖解释“吐蕃”的“吐”字也颇为不易。另外,汉语“蕃”字本身,中古读入声韵还是阳声韵等也有不少争议。这些族群名和国名的民族语“本字”问题,首先是民族语与汉语,尤其是汉藏古音对音,亦即属于汉藏历史比较语言学问题。本文利用学界关于汉语上古音和古藏语语音的研究为基础,梳理前贤相关对音和本字研究成果,并尝试提出新的思考。与流行观点不同,本文认为汉语“吐蕃”与古今藏族自称的■(bod)和藏族本土宗教■(bon)无关,论证“吐蕃”在古藏语中应为■(dbon),即侄甥国;而“羊同”即■(zhang zhung)是舅父国,两者是相互联姻的“甥舅”国关系。论证上古汉语的“羌”古藏语应为5(sgang),戎古藏语应为■(rong)或■(lung),羌、戎为高岗与谷地,亦即牧人部落与农人部落的关系。

Qiang(羌),Rong(戎,especiallyXirong/西戎),Tufan(吐蕃),Yangtong(羊同),are terms found in Chinese historical literature referring to ancient ethnic groups or nations in the Tibetan Plateau and the northwest region.Previous scholars have conducted extensive research on these ethnic and national names,achieving significant results,but there are also many uncertainties.Regarding the origin of吐蕾and its Tibetan etymology,numerous papers with various opinions have been published.However,it remains inconclusive whether叶吐蕃directly derives from Tibetan or from other neighboring ethnic languages,particularly in explaining the initial character吐.Additionally,there is controversy over the pronunciation of the Middle Chinese蕃,whether it had a plosive coda or a nasal coda.Concurrently,the terms羌and戎primarily serve as appellations for the ancestral groups of Tibetan-Burman ethnicities on the western plateau.Are there corresponding inherited word forms in Old Tibetan for these terms?The issue of the Tibetan etymology of these terms is crucial for the study of Sino-Tibetan historical comparative linguistics.This paper,based on the research methods of Chinese historical phonology and Old Tibetan phonology,attempts to provide new insights.Simultaneously,it seeks to discuss the"mutual relationships"in historical and cultural aspects among relevant ancient nations and ethnic groups based on linguistic evidence,avoiding isolated interpretations of individual national or ethnic names.In contrast to popular views,this paper argues that the Chinese term term吐蕾is unrelated to the self-identification term of the Tibetan people,■(bod),and the indigenous Tibetan religion ■(bon).Instead,it proposes that the Tibetan etymology of吐蕾should be interpreted as ■(dbon),meaning'nephew nation'Meanwhile,羊同(■)is argued to represent an'uncle nation,signifying a'nephew-uncle relationship'between the two nations.The paper also suggests that the Old Chinese羌may correspond to 5(sgang)in old Tibetan,while戎may correspond to ■(rong)or ■(lung),representing the relationship between highland and lowland regions,or nomadic and agrarian tribes.