传统文化“正面教育”论辨析——兼论批判性思维的融合式培养

Analysis of Positive Education Theory in Traditional Culture:On the Fusion Training of Critical Thinking

如何对中小学生进行优秀传统文化教育,一些人秉持“正面教育”的立场。该立场主张,学校只能以“优秀”传统文化作为教育内容,通过教育教学让学生去感知和理解中国传统文化的优点与长处。至于识别和理解中国传统文化的缺陷与不足,与优秀传统文化教育无关。这一观点看似合理,实则站不住脚。理由是:纳入教材的传统文化无须尽善尽美;建防火墙的做法根本行不通;正面教育须以“假丑恶”为参照;正面教育作为精神“疫苗”难以奏效;让成人代替儿童作选择并不明智。唯有在传统文化教育中引入批判性思维,才能有效克服“正面教育”论的内在局限。这就要求教师在课堂教学中,致力于传统文化教育与批判性思维的“统整”,其策略主要包括:渗透健全的人文社科常识;在不同文化的横向比较中发现不足与问题;以概念辨析澄清误解;探寻不同文化要素的内在联系;辩证地看待中国固有的文化;以逻辑的力量破除虚假的表象;立足国情与民性吸收外来文化。

How to conduct excellent traditional culture education for primary and secondary school students?Some people hold the position of positive education.This position holds that schools can only take excellent traditional culture as the content of education and allow students to perceive and understand the advantages and merits of Chinese traditional culture through education and teaching.As for identifying and understanding the defects and deficiencies of Chinese traditional culture,it has nothing to do with excellent traditional culture education.This view seems reasonable,but in fact,it is untenable for the following reasons:the traditional culture included in the textbook does not need to be perfect;building a firewall simply doesn't work;positive education must take"falsehood-ugliness-evil"as a reference;positive education does not work as a spiritual"vaccine";it is unwise to let adults make choices on behalf of children.Only by introducing critical thinking into traditional cultural education can we overcome the inherent limitations of the"positive education"theory effectively.This requires teachers to dedicate themselves to the""integration"of traditional culture education and critical thinking in classroom teaching.Strategies include:infiltrating sound general knowledge of humanities and social sciences;discovering deficiencies and problems in the horizontal comparison of different cultures;clarifying misconceptions with conceptual discrimination;exploring the internal relationship between different cultural elements;looking at China's intrinsic culture dialectically;using power of logic to eliminate false appearances absorb foreign culture based on national conditions and people's characteristics.