程序视角下遗产管理人制度运行现状及角色定位

Analyzing the Current Operational Status and Appropriate Role Orientation of the Estate Administrator from a Procedural Perspective

遗产管理人制度作为一项全新的继承制度,在《民法典》颁布后成为实务和理论学界热议的焦点,受到了诸多关注。但程序规范层面现有制度供给未能考虑诉讼领域内引入遗产管理人角色后,非讼程序与诉讼程序的开展与衔接以及遗产管理人应有的诉讼主体地位,导致实践中遗产管理人参与审判活动的程序应对交错混乱,影响遗产管理人制度发挥其积极效益和预设功能。通过对实证数据和裁判案例进行系统梳理和分析,发现其中存在着实体规则凌乱粗疏且诉讼规则缺位,指定遗产管理人适用程序不统一,遗产管理人诉讼地位模糊,遗产管理人和继承人角色冲突混淆等问题。遗产管理人参与审判活动的正当性成为课题,有必要从法定诉讼担当和管理权理论证成遗产管理人独立的诉讼地位。在遗产管理人的指定适配非讼程序法理基础以及遗产管理人排他性地享有诉讼实施权基础上,尝试提出遗产管理人中转角色程序适用的优化方案,以期实现遗产管理人程序适用的统一忠诚于法律正义。

The estate administrator system,as a new inheritance framework,has become a focus of discussion in both practical and theoretical legal circles following the enactment of the Civil Law.However,existing provisions at the procedural level have failed to address the integration and alignment of non-litigation and litigation procedures following the introduction of estate administrators in the legal arena,as well as the proper legal status of estate administrators.This has led to practical issues with estate administrators'involvement in judicial activities,resulting in procedural confusion and impeding the system's intended benefits and functionality.A systematic analysis of empirical data and judicial cases reveals issues such as disorderly and inadequate substantive rules,a lack of litigation regulations,inconsistent procedures for designated estate administrators,ambiguous litigation status of estate administrators,and role conflicts between estate administrators and heirs.The legitimacy of estate administrators'participation in judicial activities has become a subject of inquiry,necessitating the establishment of an independent litigation status for estate administrators based on statutory litigation roles and the theory of managerial rights.With a foundation in the legal principles of adapting estate administrators'designations to non-litigation procedures and the exclusive authority of estate administrators in litigation implementation,an attempt is made to propose an optimized framework for estate administrators'intermediary role procedures to achieve a unified commitment to legal justice in the application of estate administrator procedures.