马克思自由思想的三重维度及其对人类文明新形态的价值启示

The Three Dimensions of Marx's Freedom of Thought and Its V alue Enlightenment to the New Form of Human Civilization

马克思自由思想的生成经历了由理性的自由、自我意识的自由向自由的高级形态自由个性的转变。他的自由思想在西方传统自由哲学的基础上批判地吸收前人的自由思想智慧,把自由思想不断地引向深入。厘清马克思早期至成熟时期著作的自由思想主要有三重维度:一是马克思诠释宗教神学虚假的心灵宁静的自由,从哲学维度对自由思想进行宏观方面的考察,是马克思对传统人本主义和自然主义的超越,最终实现理性自由向实践自由的唯物主义视野的转变。二是马克思从政治经济学维度对自由思想进行微观方面的探賾,他对庸俗经济学家的“三位一体”公式进行批判,并认为以前的经济学家都不能科学地理解产生剩余价值的内在机理。马克思研究了工资、资本和利润等经济学范畴的问题,辩证地看待资本在商品经济中的自我否定与自我肯定的两重性,深入诠释资本主义社会内在的对抗性关系。三是马克思从科学社会主义维度批判拉萨尔狭隘的分配理论,揭示共产主义社会扬弃资本主义社会的经济结构,强调“一切人的自由”是科学社会主义的底色。马克思凭借这三重维度深入剖析了资本主义社会奴役人的现状,借此对未来实现自由个性的呼告和构建。马克思积极自由思想的哲学立场和价值取向有助于突破西方工业文明的发展困境,有利于筑牢人类文明新形态的理论根基和增强实践主动,对人类文明新形态的中国式创造和发展方面带来有益的价值启示。

The generation of Marx's freedom of thought has experienced the transformation from rational freedom and self-consciousness to the higher form of free personality.On the basis of the western traditional philosophy of freedom,his freethinking critically absorbed the wisdom of the predecessors and led the freethinking go further.It is clear that Marx's freedom of thought has three main lines of thought from his early works to his mature works:First,Marx interprets the freedom of spiritual tranquility,which is false in religious theology.The macroscopic investigation of freedom of thought from the perspective of philosophy is Marx's transcendence of traditional humanism and naturalism,and finally realizes the transformation of rational freedom to the materialist vision of practical freedom;Second,Marx made a micro exploration of freethinking from the perspective of political economy,he criticized the"trinity"formula of vulgar economists,and believed that previous economists could not scientifically understand the internal mechanism of producing surplus value.Marx studied the problems of wage,capital and profit,and explained the antagonistic relationship in capitalist society.Third,Marx viewed the duality of self-negation and self-affirmation of capital in commodity economy from the perspective of scientific socialism.His scientific socialism followed the future conception and essential provisions of all people's freedom,and actively constructed the principle of distribution according to needs to consolidate the needs of free and comprehensive development of people.With these three lines of thought,Marx deeply analyzed the current situation of human enslavement in capitalist society,and thus called for and constructed the realization of free personality in the future.Marx's philosophical stand and value orientation of positive free thought help to break through the dilemma of the development of western industrial civilization and transcend capitalist industrial civilization,and bring beneficial enlightenment to the creation and development of new forms of human civilization in China.