习近平法治思想指导下的中国特色企业数据产权制度构建

Construction of China's Unique Enterprise Data Property Rights System under the Guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on Rule of Law

我国数据资源存储量庞大、规模增长迅速,“数据二十条”提出要释放数据要素价值,探索数据产权结构性分置制度,各地积极探索与推进数据管理机制创新。目前对于企业数据的法律地位存在多种理论争议,分歧主要体现在保护路径的选择上,但总体均是在现有财产权的制度基础上进行拓展延伸。事实上,传统民事私法框架下的财产权制度对企业数据并不适应:知识产权对企业数据的覆盖范围不足,商业秘密保护方式又与数据共享的需求相悖,其根源在于私人占有与数据资源的公共性之间的本质冲突。在习近平法治思想的指导下,从准公共物品理论角度对企业数据的准公共性、正外部性、有限竞争性与排他性等属性进行分析后,中国特色数据产权制度的可能构建思路是:在数据资源所有权公共所有的前提下,对企业数据在生产、加工处理、流通交易等不同应用场景下进行相应的数据资源持有权、加工使用权、产品经营权等具体权属分配。这一制度安排不仅可以发挥数据共享的最大效能,也能有效地协调企业数据财产权益与个人信息保护私益、国家数据安全公益之间的冲突。

China has a massive amount of stored data resources with rapid growth in scale.The“Twenty Data Measures”proposes the release of the value of data elements and explores the structural separation of data property rights,with various regions actively exploring and promoting innovation in data management mechanisms.Currently,there are various theoretical disputes regarding the legal status of enterprise data,with differences mainly reflected in the choice of protection paths.However,they generally extend and expand on the existing property rights system.In fact,the property rights system under the traditional civil private law framework is not suitable for handling the cases involving enterprise data:intellectual property rights do not sufficiently cover enterprise data,and the protection of trade secrets contradicts the need for data sharing.The root cause for this lies in the inherent conflict between private ownership and the public nature of data resources.Under the guidance of Xi Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law,we propose a feasible approach to the construction of China's unique data property rights system after analyzing such aspects as the quasi-public nature,positive externalities,limited competitiveness,and exclusivity possessed by enterprise data from the perspective of quasi-public goods theory.Under the condition of the public ownership of data resources,specific property rights,processing and usage rights,and product operation rights for enterprise data in different application scenarios(e.g.,production,processing,circulation,and transactions)can be allocated accordingly.This system arrangement can not only maximize the efficiency of data sharing but also effectively coordinate the conflicts between the property rights and interests of enterprise data,the protection of personal information,and the public interests of national data security.