国家级数据交易平台建设的法治方向及架构——以《数据二十条》为中心的解读

The Legal Direction and Framework for the Construction of National-Level Data Trading Platforms:An Interpretation Centered on the“Twenty Data Measures”

《数据二十条》统筹规划了数据基础制度建设方向与架构,指出要“建立合规高效、场内外结合的数据要素流通和交易制度”,其中国家级数据交易平台是链接场内外数据交易的关键点。目前,我国地方数据交易平台建设未达到合理预期,症结是存在“建设数据交易平台就是建设数据要素市场”的误识及由此引发的相关问题,包括尚存在各级数据交易平台属性不够清晰、发起设立暂无限制、交易规则体系亟须完善等弊端,迟滞了数据要素场内交易的活跃度。《数据二十条》提出在“场商分离”的构造下突出国家级数据交易平台合规监管和基础服务功能,强化其公共属性和公益定位。基此,需澄清数据交易平台仅是数据要素市场的组成部分,明晰国家级数据交易平台应作为全国统一数据要素市场的基础支撑,从其具有公共属性与监管职能着手,明确国家级数据交易平台的设立,进而建立健全场内数据交易数据流通制度技术体系与交易规则体系,打造“可信、高效、安全”的数据交易市场环境,激发数据要素的价值和创新力。

The“Twenty Data Measures”comprehensively plans the direction and framework for the construction of a foundational system of data governance,emphasizing the need to“establish a compliant,efficient,and integrated data element circulation and trading system inside and outside the market”.National-level data trading platforms play a pivotal role in connecting data trading both within and outside the market.Currently,the construction of local data trading platforms in China has not met reasonable expectations,primarily due to the misconception that“building data trading platforms is equivalent to building data element markets”.This misconception has led to various issues,including the lack of a clear definition for the attributes of data trading platforms at various levels,unrestricted establishment of new platforms,and the urgent need for improvement in the trading rule system,all of which have hampered the vitality of in-market data element trading.The“Twenty Data Measures”proposes that,under the framework characterized by the“separation of market and commerce”,national-level data trading platforms should emphasize compliance supervision and basic service functions,strengthening their public nature and public interest positioning.Therefore,it is necessary to clarify that data trading platforms are only a component of the data element market and to establish the role of national-level data trading platforms as the fundamental support for a nationally unified data element market.Starting from their public attributes and regulatory functions,the establishment of national-level data trading platforms should be defined,leading to the establishment and enhancement of technical and trading rule systems for in-market data element circulation,creating a“trusted,efficient,and secure”data trading market environment,and unleashing the value and innovation potential of data elements.