双碳时代下多源生物质热化学转化资源化利用研究进展

Research progress on the resource utilization of multi-source biomass thermo-chemical conversion for carbon peaking and carbon neutrality

生物质是唯一的可再生碳资源,具有来源广泛、储量丰富等显著优势,利用先进的生物质热化学转化技术,可获得多种高值燃料、化学品和碳基材料,进而实现对化石资源的部分替代,在新能源领域具有重要的战略地位和发展前景。尽管生物质能源化利用技术已取得长足发展,但伴随社会与科技飞速进步,生物质的范畴已不再局限于传统农林废弃物,而是涵盖了农林源、工业源和生活源等多种来源的有机废弃物。复杂组成结构和差异化热分解特性为生物质的高选择性和大规模转化带来严重阻碍,如何实现其高值资源化利用仍面临诸多挑战。论述了生物质热化学转化技术发展现状,从多源生物质组成与热分解特性出发,针对热转化产物品质低和选择性差等问题,对比分析了当前选择性热解制备高值产物、热解重整制氢、新型气化等多种前沿资源化利用技术的最新研究成果与发展趋势。然而,要推动双碳时代下多源生物质热化学转化技术的进一步发展,仍需重点关注以下方面。首先,规模化利用是未来发展的必然趋势,开发高效的催化工艺与反应装备至关重要。通过突破催化剂效率瓶颈与循环再生技术,降低催化运行成本,同时研发新型热转化反应设备,优化传热与抗结焦性能,实现目标产物的定向富集,配合高效的原料收储运策略,从全流程提升生物质热化学转化工业化生产经济性。其次,全组分转化是实现生物质高值利用的关键。通过深入研究生物质不同特征组分分解机理和协同转化机制,开发耦合多重预处理、定向热转化和精准分离冷凝等技术,将生物质原料转化为富含高值化学品的生物油、高品质可燃气和高性能炭材料,实现热解多联产综合利用,有效提高技术资源产出率。最后,多能互补也是未来重要发展方向。通过将生物质与其他清洁能源与电力进行有效整合,充分发挥生物质热分解产物的长周期化学储能特性,构建灵活的多能互补供应体系,实现新能源产业的多维发展与经济效益提升。

Biomass is the only renewable carbon resource on earth with significant advantages of wide sources and abundant reserves.Diverse high-value fuels,chemicals,and carbon-based materials can be obtained through advanced biomass thermo-chemical conversion methods,thereby partially replacing fossil resources,which has an important strategic position and development prospects in the field of new energy.Currently,the energy utilization technologies of biomass have made significant progress in China.However,with the rapid advancements of society and technology,the scope of biomass is no longer limited to traditional agricultural and forestry waste,but covers multiple organic wastes from agricultural and forestry sources,industrial sources,and domestic sources.The high selectivity and large-scale conversion of biomass is seriously hindered due to the complex component structure and differentiated thermal decomposition characteristics,and there are still many challenges to achieving its high-value resource utilization.The development of biomass thermo-chemical conversion was discussed.Based on the fundamental structures and thermal decomposition characteristics of multi-source biomass components,the latest research achievements and development trends of various cutting-edge resource utilization technologies,including selective pyrolysis for producing high-value products,pyrolysis reforming for hydrogen production,and novel gasification,etc.,were compared and analyzed,in response to the problems of low quality and poor selectivity of thermal conversion products.To promote the further development of multi-source biomass thermo-chemical conversion technology in the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality era,the following aspects still need to be focused on.Firstly,large-scale utilization is an inevitable trend for future development,propelled by the significant promotion of efficient catalytic techniques and reaction equipment.The directional enrichment of target products can be achieved by breaking through the efficiency and recycling constraints of catalysts,reducing catalytic operating costs,strengthening reactor innovation,and optimizing heat transfer and anti-coking performance.Coupled with efficient strategies for raw material collection,storage,and transportation,the economic feasibility of industrial large-scale biomass thermo-chemical conversion will be enhanced.Secondly,the full-component conversion is the key to achieving high-value utilization of biomass.Through in-depth investigation on the decomposition and synergistic conversion mechanisms of various biomass characteristic components,it is necessary to develop efficient poly-generation technologies that combine multiple pretreatments,directional thermo-chemical conversion,and precise separation and condensation of three-phase products.Biomass raw materials are transformed into bio-oil rich in high-value chemicals,high-quality combustible gas,and high-performance carbon materials,thereby achieving comprehensive poly-generation of different products and effectively improving the output ratio of resources.Finally,multi-energy complementarity represents a significant development direction for the future.By efficiently integrating biomass with other clean energy sources and electricity,and fully utilizing the long-term chemical energy storage characteristics of biomass thermal decomposition products,a flexible multi-energy complementary supply system will be established,thereby achieving the multi-dimensional development and the overall economic efficiency of the new energy industry.