湖库蓝藻水华控制技术发展、应用及展望

Development,application and prospect of cyanobacteria blooms control technology in lakes and reservoirs

蓝藻水华暴发会引起供水系统堵塞、水体异味、水生生物死亡等一系列生态环境问题,严重时还将威胁饮用水安全,因此采取切实有效的蓝藻水华控制技术对蓝藻水华防控至关重要。通过文献调研系统梳理了国内外蓝藻水华控制技术发展历程,综述了典型蓝藻水华控制技术及其适用范围、应用情况及优缺点等。结果表明:蓝藻水华控制技术总体分为物理控藻技术、化学控藻技术和生物控藻技术。从技术文献关键词时间发展脉络看,2010年之前国外蓝藻水华控制技术关键词多集中在絮凝、混凝等化学控藻技术,2010年后向水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术发展;我国蓝藻水华控制技术关键词2010年前主要集中在鲢鳙鱼控藻、水生植物抑藻等生物控藻技术,2010年后超声波、机械除藻等物理控藻技术和絮凝等化学控藻技术快速发展,2015年后物理控藻技术进一步发展。国外蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪50年代起步于化学控藻技术,2000年后研发了超声波、光波等物理控藻技术,2010年后主要以生物控藻和化学控藻技术为主;国内蓝藻水华控制技术于20世纪80年代起步于针对小型水体的生物控藻技术,2000年后逐渐发展为针对大型湖库的机械除藻技术(物理控藻技术)。物理控藻、化学控藻技术的应急效果显著,但物理控藻技术存在成本高、长效性不足等缺点,化学控藻技术存在二次污染风险;而生物控藻技术存在见效慢、有外来物种入侵风险、生态系统被扰乱风险等生态安全问题,目前实际应用案例较少。未来应加快推进蓝藻水华控制技术优化筛选和示范应用,同时开展蓝藻水华控制技术与内外源污染控制、水生态修复等技术的集成应用,提高蓝藻水华控制效果。

Cyanobacteria blooms will cause a series of ecological environment problems such as the water supply system blockage,water odor,aquatic death,etc.,and even threaten the safety of drinking water.Therefore,effective control technology is very important for the prevention and control of cyanobacteria blooms.The development history of cyanobacteria blooms control technology at home and abroad was summarized through literature research,and application scope,application situation,advantages and disadvantages of typical cyanobacteria blooms control technology were reviewed.The algal bloom control technology can be divided into physical algal control technology,chemical algal control technology and biological algal control technology.From the perspective of the time development of key words in technical literature,before 2010,foreign cyanobacteria bloom control technology mainly focused on chemical algal control technology such as flocculation and coagulation,and after 2010,it developed to biological algal control technology such as aquatic plant algal suppression.Before 2010,China's cyanobacteria bloom control technologies mainly focused on biological algal control technologies such as silver carp bighthys algae control and aquatic plant algae suppression.After 2010,physical algal control technologies such as ultrasonic and mechanical algal removal and chemical algal control technologies such as flocculation developed rapidly.After 2015,physical algal control technology further developed.Foreign cyanobacteria bloom control technology started from chemical algal control technology in the 1950s,and developed physical algal control technology such as ultrasonic wave and light wave after 2000,and mainly biological algal control and chemical algal control technology after 2010.Domestic cyanobacteria bloom control technology started from biological algal control technology for small water bodies in the 1980s,and gradually developed into mechanical algal removal technology(physical algal control technology)for large lakes and reservoirs after 2000.Physical algal control technology and chemical algal control technology have significant emergency effects,but physical algal control technology has disadvantages such as high cost and insufficient long-term performance,and chemical algal control technology has secondary pollution risk.However,the biological algal control technology has some ecological security problems,such as slow effect,risk of invasion of alien species,and risk of disturbance of ecosystem,so there are few practical application cases.In the future,the optimization,screening and demonstration application of cyanobacteria bloom control technology should be accelerated,and the integrated application of cyanobacteria bloom control technology with internal and external pollution control and water ecological restoration technologies should be carried out to improve the effect of cyanobacteria bloom control.