涉金属历史遗留矿山污染防治全过程技术规范体系构建研究

Research of technical specification system for the overall process of pollution control in metal-related historic abandoned mines

涉金属历史遗留矿山(区)重金属污染是我国长期存在、仍未良好解决的生态环境问题,是影响我国生态安全的重要风险源。“十二五”以来,涉金属历史遗留矿山污染防治得到了快速发展,但由于我国整治历程总体较短,整治技术尚不成熟,相关标准缺乏,整治的迫切性和系统性要求更加凸显,涉金属历史遗留矿山污染防治仍任重道远。目前,我国直接针对历史遗留矿山的技术规范文件较少,系统有效的工程技术规范标准体系尚未建立,导致涉金属历史遗留矿山(区)污染防治和风险管控效果不佳。分析了涉金属矿山污染防治中存在的典型生态环境问题,系统梳理了历史遗留矿山污染防治工程参考借鉴的技术规范,对比了现状技术文件与现实需求的差异性;依据全面性、针对性、系统性、协调性的原则,从调查与监测、评价评估、方案编制、工程勘察与设计、治理修复工程实施、工程验收与成效评估、信息系统建设7个维度,构建了我国涉金属历史遗留矿山(区)污染防治技术规范体系框架,提出技术规范性文件制定需求,以期为环境管理者和标准研究者提供决策参考。建议下一步在全面开展历史遗留矿山调查工作的基础上,尽快建立各类历史遗留矿山(区)污染防治技术标准,为“十四五”时期贯彻落实生态环境保护规划、深入打好污染防治攻坚战提供保障。

Heavy metal pollution from metal-related historical abandoned mines is a long-standing ecological and environmental problem in China that still has not been well resolved,and is an important source of risk affecting ecological security in China.Although the pollution prevention and control of metal-related historical abandoned mines has been rapidly developed since the 12th Five-Year Plan period,the remediation technology is still immature and the relevant standards are lacking because of the relatively short overall remediation process in China.Therefore,the urgency and systematic requirements of pollution prevention and control are more prominent.At present,there are few technical specification documents directly aimed at historical abandoned mines in China and there is a lack of systematic and effective engineering technical specification standard system,resulting in poor pollution prevention and risk control effect of metal-related historical abandoned mines.Typical ecological and environmental problems in pollution prevention and control of heavy metal mines were analyzed firstly,the technical specifications for reference in pollution prevention and control projects of historical abandoned mines were sorted out,and then the differences between current technical documents and actual needs were compared.According to the principles of comprehensiveness,pertinence,systematisms and coordination,the framework of technical specification system for pollution prevention and control of historical abandoned mines involved in metal was constructed from seven main dimensions,including investigation and monitoring,assessment and evaluation,program preparation,engineering investigation and design,implementation of treatment and restoration projects,project acceptance and effectiveness evaluation,and information system construction.The requirements for formulating technical normative documents were put forward,in order to provide decision-making reference for environmental managers and standard researchers.It was suggested that on the basis of comprehensively carrying out the investigation of historical abandoned mines,the technical standards for pollution prevention and control of all kinds of historical abandoned mines should be established as soon as possible,so as to provide guarantee for implementing the ecological environmental protection plan and deepening the battle for pollution prevention and control during the 14th Five-Year Plan period.