侵权惩罚性赔偿中的过失相抵规则适用研究

On the Application ofNegligence Offset Rule in Punitive Damages for Infringement

基于惩罚性赔偿的制度功能变迁,在其追求惩罚与威慑功能的今天,过失相抵于惩罚性赔偿中的适用不存在使被侵权人的损害无法得到完全填补的障碍,亦不致影响惩罚性赔偿制度功能的实现,具有正当性。同时,过失相抵适用于惩罚性赔偿能进一步保障对双方当事人的公平对待,符合民法公平原则的实质要求,具有必要性。在《民法典》规定的三类惩罚性赔偿中,除生态环境公共利益损害涉及的惩罚性赔偿外,过失相抵规则均存在适用空间。具体的适用路径,应明确为在确定惩罚性赔偿倍数时加入被侵权人对同一损害的发生或者扩大亦存在过错这一衡量因素。

Based on the change of the system function of punitive damages,today,when it pursues the function of punishment and deterrence,the application of negligence offset rule to punitive damages does not have the obstacle that makes the damage of the infringed person unable to be completely filled,nor does it affect the realization of the system function of punitive damages,which is justified.At the same time,the application of negligence offset rule to punitive damages can further guarantee the fair treatment of both parties,which conforms to the substantive requirements of the principle of fairness in civil law and is necessary.Among the three types of punitive damages stipulated in the Civil Code,except the punitive damages involved in the damage to the public interests of ecological environment,the negligence offset rule has room for application.The specific applicable path should be clear as adding the measurement factor that the infringed person is also at fault in the occurrence or expansion of the same damage when determining the multiple of punitive damages.