止园:吴亮市隐的“桃源想象”

Zhiyuan Garden:Wu Liang’s Seclusion Imagination of Peach-Blossom Springs in the City

园林书写与园林绘画是当下延续园林文化物质性存在的重要手段,其精神文化溢余价值更是自不待言。明代文人吴亮市隐于常州止园,融合自身生命体验,建构了独特的“桃源想象”之境,实现了桃源文化意象由哲学思想到文学范式表达,再到实体园林景观的转变。通过张宏绘制的《止园图》和吴亮《止园集》相关诗文之间的图文互动,从吴亮“桃源想象”之境所呈现的朴野之风可以看出,吴亮修建的止园与当时追求奢华之风的富贵园林亦有所区别。吴亮隐于止园,既顺应了当时隐逸文化转化发展、精英阶层造园炽盛的时代风潮,同时也是为避免朝中党争之祸的无奈之举。此外,文人的山水情怀和反哺之情亦是促使吴亮归隐的重要因素。吴亮修园市隐并非是末世心态,而是归隐明夷,比之隐逸的美名,更多体现了吴亮作为文人的担当与自持。

Garden writing and painting is an important means to continue the material existence of garden culture;needless to say,it also reflects the surplus spiritual and cultural value of garden culture.Wu Liang,a literati in the Ming Dynasty,lived in seclusion in Changzhou’s Zhiyuan Garden,and constructed a unique imagination of peach-blossom springs with his own life experience,thus shifting the cultural image of peach-blossom springs from philosophical thought to literary paradigm,and then to the physical garden landscape.Through the interaction between Zhiyuan Garden Paintings by Zhang Hong and Zhiyuan Garden Collections written by Wu Liang and from the simple and wild style of Wu Liang’s imagination of peach-blossom springs,it can be seen that Zhiyuan Garden built by Wu Liang was different from the luxurious and noble gardens of his times.In this sense,Wu Liang’s seclusion in Zhiyuan Garden not only conformed to the shift and development of the seclusion culture and the social trends of building gorgeous gardens among the elite class,but also was his helpless action to avoid potential disasters caused by factional strife.In addition,the literati’s love of landscape and sentiment of filial obedience are also important factors that prompted Wu Liang to live in seclusion.Therefore,the construction of Zhiyuan Garden is not a manifestation of Wu Liang’s desperation to the world but his determination to return from an earthly life to a life in seclusion.Accordingly,his retirement and seclusion reflected a literati’s sense of responsibility and self-restraint instead of a good reputation for seclusion.