生态环境损害赔偿权新论:法定民事权益说

A New Approach to the Right to Compensation for Ecological Environment Damages:Theory of Legal Civil Rights and Interests

《民法典》规定的生态环境损害赔偿制度的本质在学术中争议较大,其表面上是保护生态环境,但实质是保护依赖于生态环境的各主体的权益,完全体现了生态环境保护的“人类中心”。“国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织”的生态环境损害赔偿权不宜认定为公法上的权力,如此定位既缺乏实证法依据又背离司法实践,也不宜认定为国家所有权的行使,因其无法解释“国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织”对环境美学等生态环境非使用价值损害的索赔权利。“国家规定的机关或者法律规定的组织”的生态环境损害赔偿权应当是相关主体行使《民法典》第3条所保护的民事权益,如此才能合理解释生态环境损害赔偿多数情况下是涉及公民权益保护的客观事实。

The nature of the compensation system for ecological environment damage stipulated in the Civil Code is much debated in academic circles.On the surface,it protects the ecological environment,but in essence,it protects the rights and interests of all subjects dependent on the ecological environment,which fully embodyies the"anthropocentrism"of ecological environment protection.The right to compensation for damage to the ecological environment of"state organs or organizations prescribed by law"should not be identified as a public law power,as such positioning lacks the basis of empirical law and deviates from the judicial practice,and also should not be identified as the exercise of state ownership,as it does not explain the right of"state organs or organizations prescribed by law"to claim compensation for damage to the non-use value of the ecological environment,such as environmental aesthetics.The right to compensation for damage to the ecological environment of"state organs or organizations prescribed by law"should be the exercise of the civil rights and interests protected by Article 3 of the Civil Code by the relevant subjects so as to reasonably explain the objective fact that compensation for damage to the ecological environment is,in most cases,related to the protection of the rights and interests of citizens.