网络暴力刑法规制的路径选择及反思以侮辱罪的拆分为切入

Choices and Reflections on the Path of Criminal Law Regulation of Cyber Violence From the Perspective of Disaggregating the Crime of Insult

网络暴力与言论和表达有关。对网络暴力的法律规制涉及言论自由与个人隐私、人格权益的权衡。在世界范围内,对言论自由的保护主要有侧重自由的美国模式、侧重尊严的德国模式以及包括我国在内的大多数地方所采取的混合模式。名誉不同于荣誉,后者源于等级社会对贵族尊严的捍卫,进而演化为主观名誉感的观念,也即侮辱罪所侵犯的法益。名誉是一种具有社会评价的声誉,它必须以真实为基础,刑法无需保护建立在虚假事实上的伪名,否则就是在鼓励伪善。有必要对侮辱罪进行进一步界分:暴力侮辱属于暴行罪的范畴;诽谤性侮辱构成诽谤罪;以真实事实进行攻击属于侵犯公民个人信息罪的范畴;仇恨性言论与侮辱罪无关;辱骂性侮辱应通过非刑法手段处理。对于网络暴力,权利行使可作为一项重要的出罪事由,无论是基于维护公共利益还是个人利益的权利行使,都可能阻却犯罪成立。

Cyber violence is about speech and expression.The legal regulation of cyber violence involves the balance between freedom of speech and personal privacy and personality rights.Around the world,the protection of freedom of speech mainly includes the American model that focuses on freedom,the German model that focuses on dignity,and the mixed model adopted in most countries,including China.Reputation is different from honor.The latter originates from the defense of noble dignity in hierarchical society,and then evolves into the concept of subjective reputation,that is,the legal interests violated by the crime of insult.Reputation is a kind of reputation with social evaluation.It must be based on truth.Criminal law does not need to protect untrue reputation based on false facts,otherwise it will encourage hypocrisy.It is necessary to further distinguish the crime of insult into five different kinds:violent insults belong to the category of atrocity crimes;defamatory insults constitute the crime of defamation;attacks based on true facts belong to the crime of infringing on citizens'personal information;hate speech has nothing to do with the crime of insult;abusive insults should be dealt with through non-criminal means.Regarding cyber violence,the exercise of rights can be an important reason for committing a crime.Whether it is based on safeguarding public interests or personal interests,it may prevent the establishment of a crime.