请求权在行政法上的功能定位

Functions of Claim in Administrative Law

在行政法学理和裁判的共同作用下,请求权成为我国行政法体系的结构性要素。请求权不仅是行政诉讼原告资格的基础,有时也成为法院审查的重要内容。但请求权与行政法体系的适配性存疑。请求权的证成面临困境,请求权的必要性受到质疑,行政诉讼法从属于实体法也被当作先验的逻辑前提。功能上,请求权既可以对行政实体法律关系进行具体化,沟通实体法与诉讼法,也能作为行政诉讼的程序控制机制。在行政活动形式主导的行政法体系中,请求权经常被行政行为遮蔽。应该在明确行政行为和请求权功能射程的前提下,确立请求权的独特价值,实现二者的功能互补。具体而言,请求权与行政行为可以从不同视角对行政实体法律关系进行具体化。是否要用请求权沟通行政实体法与诉讼程序,属于立法政策范畴,不存在唯一结论,但请求权有利于协调实体法及其诉讼实施。而基于私人权利保护和彻底解决行政争议的需要,请求权和行政行为可以成为不同类型诉讼的程序控制机制。

With the joint impact of administrative law theories and court decisions,claim(or Anspruch in German)has become a structural element of China's administrative law system.Claim not only serves as a benchmark for judging the standing in administrative litigation,but is also an important element of judicial review from time to time.However,there are doubts about the suitability of claim and administrative law system:the proof of claim faces difficulties,the necessity of claim is doubted,and the subordination of administrative procedure law to administrative substantive law is treated as an a priori logical premise.Functionally,claim can not only concretize administrative substantive legal relationship,bridge administrative substantive law and administrative procedure law,but also can serve as a procedural control mechanism of administrative litigation.In the administrative law system dominated by forms of administrative activities,claim is often obscured by the administrative act.The unique value of claim can only be discovered under the condition of clarifying the functional range of claims and administrative acts.Specifically,claim and administrative act can be combined with each other to concretize administrative legal relationships from different perspectives.Whether to use claims to bridge the administrative substantive law and administrative procedure law belongs to scope of legislative policy and there is no exclusive conclusion.Instead,based on the need for right protection and thorough settlement of disputes,claims and administrative acts can be procedural control mechanisms for different types of administrative litigations.