裁量型追加当事人制度的反思及优化

Reflection and Optimization of the Discretionarily Adding Parties

裁量型追加当事人是我国本土化的追加当事人类型,依审判权自由判断是否追加当事人,主要表现为被告的追加。裁量型追加过于简单,仅设“追加”规范,缺乏完备制度内容,依赖实体性司法解释而缺乏独立程序地位,脱离了既有民事诉讼理论。实践中,人民法院极少据此追加当事人,出现“不追加”的怪象,与制度目的呈现出紧张关系。其原因在于,人民法院受当事人诉权的单向约束,裁量权受限,借此查明事实的动力不足,并未针对性地匹配相应的诉讼形态。裁量型追加当事人在程序上是审判权与诉权相互作用的结果,是中间化的追加当事人类型。裁量型追加是实体上应对多数人责任(之债)的诉讼良策,并在特定的连带责任与不真正连带责任中发挥作用。以上程序与实体两方面共同构成了其理论基础。理论上这一制度应认可裁量型追加在处理复杂纠纷中的特殊作用,可从规范立法表达、明确制度独立地位、巩固类似必要共同诉讼和补充后续救济程序四方面进行优化。

The discretionarily adding parties represents a localized type of adding parties unique to China,relying on judicial discretion to determine the inclusion of additional parties,primarily manifested in the addition of defendants.This mechanism,characterized by its simplistic"addition"norm,suffers from a lack of comprehensive system content,relies on substantive judicial interpretations without an independent procedural status,and deviates from established civil procedural theories.In practice,the People's Courts rarely invoke this mechanism to add parties,leading to the peculiar phenomenon of nonadding.This situation creates tension with the system's objectives.The underlying reason is that the courts are unilaterally constrained by the litigant's right to sue,thereby limiting judicial discretion and resulting in insufficient motivation to ascertain facts,lacking targeted matching with the corresponding litigation model.From a procedural perspective,the discretionarily adding parties emerges from the interaction between judicial authority and the right to sue,serving as an intermediate type of adding parties.Substantively,it offers a strategic solution for litigations involving liability of the majority,playing a role in specific joint and several liabilities and non-genuine joint and several liabilities cases.The theoretical foundation encompasses both procedural and substantive aspects,recognizing the unique role of discretionarily adding parties in managing complex disputes.Optimization should focus on legislative expression,clarifying the system's independent status,and strengthening necessary joint litigation and supplementary relief procedures.